3D-Printed Shape Memory and Piezoelectric Bifunctional Thermoplastic Polyurethane/Polyvinylidene Fluoride Porous Composite Scaffold for Bone Regeneration.

Physical stimulations such as mechanical and electric stimulation can continuously work on bone defect locations to maintain and enhance cell activity, and it has become a hotspot for research in the field of bone repair. Herein, bifunctional porous composite scaffolds with shape memory and piezoelectric functions were fabricated using thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) and poly(vinylidene fluoride) through triply periodic minimal surfaces design and selective laser sintering technology. Thereinto, the shape fixity ratio and recovery ratio of the composite scaffold reached 98.6% and 81.2%, respectively, showing excellent shape memory functions. More importantly, its piezoelectric coefficient (d33 = 2.47 pC/N) is close to the piezoelectric constant of bone tissue (d33 = 0.7-2.3 pC/N), and the voltage released during the compression process can reach 0.5 V. Furthermore, cyclic compression experiments showed that the strength of composite scaffold was up to 8.3 times compared with the TPU scaffold. Besides, the composite scaffold showed excellent cytocompatibility. In conclusion, the composite scaffold is expected to continuously generate mechanical and electric stimulation due to shape memory and piezoelectric function, respectively, which provide an effective strategy for bone repair.