Nayeri Danial, Elyasi Hadis, Jafari Ali, Ghalhari Mohammad Rezvani
Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
Student Research Committee, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
Biol Trace Elem Res. 2024 Oct 21. doi: 10.1007/s12011-024-04422-y.
Because of significant variations and existence of high fluoride (F) in some waters, Iran has been considered for various fluoride studies in recent decades. Nevertheless, there is a no updated review on fluoride levels especially including F risk assessment. Thus, this systematic review is mainly aimed to evaluate the spatial distribution of F content in water sources of Iran using geographic information system (GIS) and conduct the health risk assessment. Besides, the Monte-Carlo Simulation technique with 10,000 iterations was applied for determination of the non-carcinogenic effects of F in different exposed groups (infant, children, teenagers, and adults). The results indicated that the maximum and minimum concentrations of F content were related to Jazmourian (Roudbar plain) (4.8 mg/L) and Sahneh (0.1 mg/L) provinces, respectively, and F content of more than ≅ 19% of the samples exceeds the Iranian standard value (1.5 mg/L). The results showed that the HQ of F in all groups were higher than 1 with the order of children > infants > teenager > adults in which children were the vulnerable group to F consumption in study area. Therefore, it is necessary to monitor and continuously measure water supplies for fluoride content and control measures, including removal steps, be taken for human risk reduction.
由于某些水体中存在显著差异且氟化物（F）含量较高，近几十年来伊朗一直是各类氟化物研究的对象。然而，目前尚无关于氟化物水平的最新综述，特别是包括氟风险评估。因此，本系统综述主要旨在利用地理信息系统（GIS）评估伊朗水源中氟含量的空间分布，并进行健康风险评估。此外，采用10000次迭代的蒙特卡洛模拟技术来确定氟在不同暴露组（婴儿、儿童、青少年和成年人）中的非致癌效应。结果表明，氟含量的最高和最低浓度分别与贾兹穆里安（鲁德巴尔平原）（4.8毫克/升）和萨内赫（0.1毫克/升）省份有关，超过约19%的样本氟含量超过伊朗标准值（1.5毫克/升）。结果显示，所有组中氟的危害商（HQ）均高于1，顺序为儿童>婴儿>青少年>成年人，其中儿童是研究区域内氟摄入的脆弱群体。因此，有必要监测并持续测量供水的氟含量，并采取包括去除步骤在内的控制措施以降低人类风险。
