Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, MA, USA.
Methods Mol Biol. 2025;2858:219-227. doi: 10.1007/978-1-0716-4140-8_18.
Optomotor response/reflex (OMR) is a fast and efficient first-in-line visual screening method, especially for rodents. It has the potential to evaluate both the scotopic and photopic visions of nonrestrained animals through tracking head movement, providing a quantitative estimate of visual functions. In restrained animals, optokinetic response (OKR), compensatory eye movements for visual shifts in the surroundings, is utilized. Both OMR and OKR capitalize on an individual's innate reflex to stabilize images for the purpose of capturing clear vision. The two reflexes have similar reliability when evaluating stimulus luminance, contrast, spatial frequency, and velocity. They have emerged as powerful tools to evaluate the efficacy of pharmacological treatments and phenotypes of subjects undergoing study. With OMR and OKR accurately assessing visual acuity (VA) as well as contrast sensitivity (CS), the gold standards for measuring clinical vision, they provide reliable and easily accessible results that further eye and brain research. These methods of sight evaluation have been used in multiple animal models, particularly mice and zebrafish. Through OMR assays, these animal models have been utilized to investigate retinal degenerative diseases, helping researchers differentiate between worsening stages. Alongside tests such as optical coherence tomography (OCT), OMR provides confirmation of visual status, where increased OMR function often correlates with improved visual status. OMR has continued to be used outside of glaucoma in various retinal diseases, such as retinitis pigmentosa (RP), diabetic retinopathy, and age-related macular degeneration.In this chapter, we will introduce the concept and application of visual stimulus-induced head or eye reflex movement in different animal species and experimental models of eye diseases, such as glaucoma and other neurodegenerative disorders, and in patients with glaucoma.
视动反应/反射（OMR）是一种快速而有效的一线视觉筛查方法，尤其适用于啮齿动物。它通过跟踪头部运动来评估非束缚动物的暗视觉和明视觉，提供视觉功能的定量估计。在束缚动物中，利用的是光运动反应（OKR），即对周围视觉变化的代偿性眼球运动。OMR 和 OKR 都利用了个体的先天反射来稳定图像，以捕捉清晰的视觉。在评估刺激亮度、对比度、空间频率和速度时，这两种反射具有相似的可靠性。它们已成为评估药物治疗效果和研究对象表型的有力工具。OMR 和 OKR 可准确评估视力（VA）和对比敏感度（CS），这是衡量临床视力的黄金标准，它们提供了可靠且易于获取的结果，进一步推动了眼和脑研究。这些视力评估方法已在多种动物模型中得到应用，特别是在小鼠和斑马鱼中。通过 OMR 检测，这些动物模型被用于研究视网膜退行性疾病，帮助研究人员区分病情恶化的阶段。除了光学相干断层扫描（OCT）等测试外，OMR 还能确认视觉状态，通常情况下，OMR 功能的增强与视觉状态的改善相关。除了青光眼之外，OMR 还在各种视网膜疾病（如色素性视网膜炎、糖尿病性视网膜病变和年龄相关性黄斑变性）中得到了应用。在本章中，我们将介绍不同动物物种和眼部疾病实验模型（如青光眼和其他神经退行性疾病）中视觉刺激诱导的头部或眼部反射运动的概念和应用，以及青光眼患者的应用。
