Small peptide SiDVL/RTFLs from foxtail millet inhibit root growth through repressing auxin signaling in transgenic Arabidopsis.

SiDVLs inhibit auxin signaling to regulate root growth by enhancing the expression of Aux/IAAs and reducing the protein accumulation of PINs. The DEVIL/ ROTUNDIFOLIA (DVL/RTFL), a small polypeptide family, is conserved in seed plants and important in regulating plant growth and development. However, the molecular mechanisms remain largely unknown. Here, 27 SiDVLs were identified in foxtail millet genome. Overexpression of three SiDVLs in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) strongly repressed the plant growth, especially the root growth. We demonstrate that overexpression of SiDVLs enhances Auxin/Indole-3-Acetic Acids (Aux/IAAs) transcription, thereby weakening auxin signaling in the roots. Furthermore, SiDVLs reduced the protein levels of the auxin transporters PIN-formed 1 (PIN1), PIN2, and PIN7 in the roots. The impaired auxin signaling reduces the cell division and elongation. In conclusion, SiDVLs suppress cell division and elongation in root by inhibiting auxin signaling and transport, which lead to the reduced root growth.