Bioaerosols and VOC emissions from landfill leachate treatment processes: Regional differences and health risks.

The landfill leachate treatment process (LLTP) is a crucial anthropogenic source of bioaerosols and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) with potential environmental impacts and on-site health risks to plant workers. However, factors influencing microbial aerosol and VOC emissions remain poorly understood. We sampled and analyzed bioaerosols and VOCs in two process sections (oxidation ditch [OD] and reverse osmosis membrane [RO]) of LLTPs in northern (NLF) and southern (SLF) China. Bioaerosol concentrations were highest in OD, and particle size predominantly ranged from 0.654.7 µm. Microbial community analysis revealed distinct differences between geographical locations and process sections, with 332 genera identified. Genera such as Paenibacillus, Bacillus, and Pseudomonas were prevalent at all sampling sites. Oxygen-containing compounds (e.g., acetophenone and propionic acid) were the dominant VOCs, particularly in SLF-OD. Network analysis showed complex interactions, with Sphingomonas and ketones playing central roles in microbial and VOC communities, respectively. Partial least squares (PLS) modeling indicated a significant correlation between bioaerosols and VOCs. Specific microorganisms, such as TK10, Adhaeribacter, and Lachnospiraceae, were major contributors to emissions of hazardous VOCs (e.g., toluene and styrene). The ozone-generation potential and olfactory effect of the OD were significantly higher than those of RO; and those of SLF were higher than those of NLF. Health risk assessments indicated potential chronic toxicity and cancer risks associated with VOC exposure to specific compounds, such as trichloroethylene. Bioaerosol exposure occurred primarily through inhalation, particularly in male workers. This study establishes a theoretical foundation for the prevention and control of air-phase pollutant risks associated with LLTPs.