Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 171 77, Sweden.
Centre for Academic Mental Health, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1QU, UK.
J Neurodev Disord. 2024 Oct 23;16(1):58. doi: 10.1186/s11689-024-09576-3.
Recent studies have suggested an increasing prevalence of intellectual disability diagnoses in some countries. Our aim was to describe the trend in the prevalence of intellectual disability diagnoses in Sweden and explore whether associated sociodemographic and perinatal factors can explain changes in the prevalence.
We used a register-based nationwide cohort of residents in Sweden born between 2001 and 2011. We calculated the prevalence of intellectual disability diagnoses by age 10 for each birth cohort and the prevalence ratios in relation to the baseline year 2011, overall and by severity of intellectual disability, and comorbidity of autism and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. The prevalence ratios were stratified and adjusted for associated sociodemographic and perinatal factors.
Among 1,096,800 individuals, 8,577 were diagnosed with intellectual disability by age 10. Among these, 3,949 (46%) and 2,768 (32%) were also diagnosed with autism and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, respectively, and 4% were diagnosed with profound, 8% severe, 20% moderate, 52% mild, and 16% other/unspecific intellectual disability. The recorded age-10 prevalence of intellectual disability diagnoses increased from 0.64% (95% confidence interval 0.59-0.69%) in 2011 to 1.00% (0.94-1.06%) in 2021, corresponding to an annual prevalence ratio of 1.04 (1.04-1.05). The increase was, however, restricted to mild, moderate, and other/unspecific intellectual disability diagnoses, while the trends for profound and severe intellectual disability diagnoses were stable. The increasing trend was perhaps less pronounced among females and children with diagnosed attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, but independent of the co-occurrence of autism. The prevalence ratios did not change with stratification or adjustment for other associated demographic and perinatal factors.
The recorded prevalence of diagnosed mild and moderate intellectual disability among 10-year-olds in Sweden has increased over the recent decade. This increase could not be explained by changes in associated sociodemographic or perinatal factors, including birth weight, gestational age, and parental age, migration status, and education at the child's birth. The increase instead may be due to changes in diagnostic practices in Sweden over time.
最近的研究表明，一些国家的智力残疾诊断率呈上升趋势。我们的目的是描述瑞典智力残疾诊断率的趋势，并探讨相关的社会人口学和围产期因素是否可以解释流行率的变化。
我们使用了瑞典基于登记的全国性队列，该队列由 2001 年至 2011 年间出生的居民组成。我们按年龄计算了每个出生队列 10 岁时的智力残疾诊断流行率，并计算了与基线年 2011 年相比的流行率比，整体以及根据智力残疾严重程度和自闭症和注意缺陷/多动障碍的合并症进行分层和调整。
在 1096800 人中，有 8577 人在 10 岁时被诊断为智力残疾。其中，3949 人（46%）和 2768 人（32%）分别被诊断为自闭症和注意缺陷/多动障碍，4%被诊断为重度，8%为严重，20%为中度，52%为轻度，16%为其他/不明确的智力残疾。记录的 10 岁智力残疾诊断的流行率从 2011 年的 0.64%（95%置信区间 0.59-0.69%）增加到 2021 年的 1.00%（0.94-1.06%），对应于每年流行率比为 1.04（1.04-1.05）。然而，这种增长仅局限于轻度、中度和其他/不明确的智力残疾诊断，而重度和严重智力残疾诊断的趋势则保持稳定。在女性和被诊断患有注意缺陷/多动障碍的儿童中，这种增长趋势可能不那么明显，但与自闭症的共存无关。流行率比并未随着分层或调整其他相关的人口统计学和围产期因素而改变。
瑞典 10 岁儿童被诊断为轻度和中度智力残疾的记录流行率在最近十年中有所增加。这一增长无法用相关的社会人口学或围产期因素（包括出生体重、胎龄和父母年龄、移民状况以及孩子出生时的教育程度）的变化来解释。相反，这种增长可能是由于瑞典随着时间的推移诊断实践的变化所致。
