Ghinea R, Herrera L J, Ruiz-López J, Sly M M, Paravina R D
Department of Optics, University of Granada Faculty of Sciences, Granada, Spain.
Center for Biomaterials and Biomimetics (PCBB), University of Texas School of Dentistry at Houston, Houston, USA.
J Esthet Restor Dent. 2025 Jan;37(1):106-116. doi: 10.1111/jerd.13344. Epub 2024 Oct 24.
This study investigated the in vivo color range of human teeth using a research-grade noncontact spectroradiometer, analyzing the effects of gender, age, ethnicity, and lifestyle factors, including diet, smoking, and oral hygiene.
A total of 1004 participants were recruited at two research sites and stratified by gender, age, and ethnicity, and data on their dietary and oral habits were collected. Noninvasive color measurements of an upper central incisor were performed using a spectroradiometer and a fiber-coupled Xe-Arc light source. Color differences were computed using the CIELAB and CIEDE2000 color difference formulas, statistically analyzed, and interpreted through comparisons with 50:50% perceptibility (PT) and acceptability (AT) thresholds for dentistry.
CIELAB and CIEDE2000 color coordinate values varied significantly. Female teeth appeared lighter and less yellow than men's. Age correlated with darker, more chromatic teeth, stabilizing only after Age 46. Significant ethnic differences were observed, particularly between African-American and Asian participants. Coffee consumption impacted teeth yellowness and chromaticity, while tea had no significant effect. Frequent tooth brushing led to lighter teeth, and tooth whitening considerably influenced color, emphasizing the effect of cosmetic dental treatments. Smoking showed minimal impact, with slight discoloration noted among light smokers compared to nonsmokers.
Color coordinate values by gender, age, and ethnicity exhibited statistically significant differences and, in most cases, noticeable color differences. With exceptions, the dietary/oral habits of the patient had a significant impact on the color of human teeth.
The findings from this study provide detailed information and understanding of the color range and distribution of human teeth, which can help enhance the esthetic outcome of dental care and, consequently, the patient's satisfaction.
本研究使用研究级非接触式光谱辐射仪调查了人类牙齿的体内颜色范围，分析了性别、年龄、种族以及饮食、吸烟和口腔卫生等生活方式因素的影响。
在两个研究地点招募了总共1004名参与者，按性别、年龄和种族进行分层，并收集了他们的饮食和口腔习惯数据。使用光谱辐射仪和光纤耦合氙弧光源对上颌中切牙进行无创颜色测量。使用CIELAB和CIEDE2000色差公式计算色差，进行统计分析，并通过与牙科50:50%可察觉性（PT）和可接受性（AT）阈值进行比较来解释。
CIELAB和CIEDE2000颜色坐标值有显著差异。女性牙齿比男性牙齿看起来更白且黄色更淡。年龄与牙齿颜色更深、更鲜艳相关，仅在46岁后趋于稳定。观察到显著的种族差异，特别是非裔美国人和亚洲参与者之间。喝咖啡会影响牙齿的黄色度和鲜艳度，而喝茶没有显著影响。经常刷牙会使牙齿更白，牙齿美白对颜色有很大影响，突出了美容牙科治疗的效果。吸烟的影响最小，与不吸烟者相比，轻度吸烟者有轻微变色。
按性别、年龄和种族划分的颜色坐标值显示出统计学上的显著差异，并且在大多数情况下有明显的颜色差异。除个别情况外，患者的饮食/口腔习惯对人类牙齿的颜色有显著影响。
本研究结果提供了关于人类牙齿颜色范围和分布的详细信息和理解，有助于提高牙科护理的美学效果，从而提高患者满意度。
