Deciphering the nexus between long non-coding RNAs and endoplasmic reticulum stress in hepatocellular carcinoma: biomarker discovery and therapeutic horizons.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains a significant global health challenge with few effective treatment options. The dysregulation of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress responses has emerged as a pivotal factor in HCC progression and therapy resistance. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play a crucial role as key epigenetic modifiers in this process. Recent research has explored how lncRNAs influence ER stress which in turn affects lncRNAs activity in HCC. We systematically analyze the current literature to highlight the regulatory roles of lncRNAs in modulating ER stress and vice versa in HCC. Our scrutinization highlights how dysregulated lncRNAs contribute to various facets of HCC, including apoptosis resistance, enhanced proliferation, invasion, and metastasis, all driven by ER stress. Moreover, we delve into the emerging paradigm of the lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA axis, elucidating it as the promising avenue for developing novel biomarkers and paving the way for more personalized treatment options in HCC. Nevertheless, we acknowledge the challenges and future directions in translating these insights into clinical practice. In conclusion, our review provides insights into the complex regulatory mechanisms governing ER stress modulation by lncRNAs in HCC.