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INTRODUCTION

Fusarium wilt, a devastating soil-borne fungal disease in flax (), is caused by f. sp. , a hemibiotrophic plant pathogen that penetrates plant roots. There are several reports of the molecular response of to f. sp. ; however, comparisons of the effects of mutualistic and pathogenic fungi on plants are more limited.

METHODS

In this study, we have integrated phenotyping and RNA-Seq approaches to examine the response of flax to f.sp. lini and to a mutualistic arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) . is a common soil fungus and also widely used as a commercial inoculant to improve plant growth. We measured flax growth parameters after plant inoculation with each or both fungi, in comparison with non-inoculated control. We performed transcriptome analysis of root tissues collected at 9 and 14 days post-inoculation.

RESULTS

We identified several differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in response to pathogenic and mutualistic fungi. These included genes related to ethylene and salicylic acid biosynthesis, carbohydrate binding, oxidoreductases, and sugar transmembrane transporters. Genes related to calcium signaling, nutrient transport, lipid metabolism, cell wall, and polysaccharide-modifying were up-regulated by ; however, the same genes were down-regulated by f. sp. when treated independently. In the combined treatment, genes related to cell wall modifications, hormone regulation and nutrient uptake were up-regulated. These results suggest that inoculation with reduced gene expression related to f. sp. infection, leading to a reduced response to the pathogen. In response to AMF, flax prioritized mutualism-related gene expression over defense, reversing the growth inhibition caused by f. sp. in the combined treatment.

DISCUSSION

This research provides insights into the protective effects of AMF, revealing the pre-symbiotic gene expression profile of flax in response to mutualism in comparison with pathogenicity. Potential target genes for crop improvement were identified, especially defense related genes.

INTRODUCTION

METHODS

RESULTS

DISCUSSION

引言

镰刀菌枯萎病是亚麻中一种具有毁灭性的土传真菌病害，由尖孢镰刀菌亚麻专化型（Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lini）引起，它是一种半活体营养型植物病原体，可穿透植物根系。有几篇关于亚麻对尖孢镰刀菌亚麻专化型分子反应的报道；然而，共生真菌和致病真菌对植物影响的比较则较为有限。

方法

在本研究中，我们整合了表型分析和RNA测序方法，以研究亚麻对尖孢镰刀菌亚麻专化型（F. sp. lini）和共生丛枝菌根真菌（AMF，Rhizophagus irregularis）的反应。不规则球囊霉（Rhizophagus irregularis）是一种常见的土壤真菌，也被广泛用作商业接种剂以促进植物生长。与未接种的对照相比，我们在接种每种真菌或两种真菌后测量了亚麻的生长参数。我们对接种后9天和14天收集的根组织进行了转录组分析。

结果

我们鉴定出了一些响应致病真菌和共生真菌的差异表达基因（DEG）。这些基因包括与乙烯和水杨酸生物合成、碳水化合物结合、氧化还原酶以及糖跨膜转运蛋白相关的基因。与钙信号传导、营养物质运输、脂质代谢、细胞壁和多糖修饰相关的基因在接种不规则球囊霉（Rhizophagus irregularis）后上调；然而，当单独处理时，相同的基因在尖孢镰刀菌亚麻专化型（F. sp. lini）处理下下调。在联合处理中，与细胞壁修饰、激素调节和营养吸收相关的基因上调。这些结果表明，接种不规则球囊霉（Rhizophagus irregularis）降低了与尖孢镰刀菌亚麻专化型（F. sp. lini）感染相关的基因表达，导致对病原体的反应降低。响应AMF时，亚麻在联合处理中优先进行与共生相关的基因表达而非防御，从而逆转了尖孢镰刀菌亚麻专化型（F. sp. lini）引起的生长抑制。