INTRODUCTION

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, the causative agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), causes post-acute infection syndrome in a surprisingly large number of cases worldwide. This condition, also known as long COVID or post-acute sequelae of COVID-19, is characterized by extremely complex symptoms and pathology. There is a growing consensus that this condition is a consequence of virus-induced immune activation and the inflammatory cascade, with its prolonged duration caused by a persistent virus reservoir.

METHODS

In this cross-sectional study, we analyzed the SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell response against the spike, nucleocapsid, and membrane proteins, as well as the levels of spike-specific IgG antibodies in 51 healthcare workers, categorized into long COVID or convalescent control groups based on the presence or absence of post-acute symptoms. Additionally, we compared the levels of autoantibodies previously identified during acute or critical COVID-19, including anti-dsDNA, anti-cardiolipin, anti-β2-glycoprotein I, anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies, and anti-thyroid peroxidase (anti-TPO). Furthermore, we analyzed the antibody levels targeting six nuclear antigens within the ENA-6 S panel, as positivity for certain anti-nuclear antibodies has recently been shown to associate not only with acute COVID-19 but also with long COVID. Finally, we examined the frequency of diabetes in both groups. Our investigations were conducted at an average of 18.2 months (convalescent control group) and 23.1 months (long COVID group) after confirmed acute COVID-19 infection, and an average of 21 months after booster vaccination.

RESULTS

Our results showed significant differences between the two groups regarding the occurrence of acute infection relative to administering the individual vaccine doses, the frequency of acute symptoms, and the T cell response against all structural SARS-CoV-2 proteins. A statistical association was observed between the incidence of long COVID symptoms and highly elevated anti-TPO antibodies based on Pearson's chi-squared test. Although patients with long COVID showed moderately elevated anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike IgG serum antibody levels compared to control participants, and further differences were found regarding the positivity for anti-nuclear antibodies, anti-dsDNA, and HbA1c levels between the two groups, these differences were not statistically significant.

DISSCUSSION

This study highlights the need for close monitoring of long COVID development in patients with elevated anti-TPO titers, which can be indicated by strongly elevated SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell response and moderately raised anti-spike IgG levels even long after the acute infection. However, our results do not exclude the possibility of new-onset thyroid autoimmunity after COVID-19, and further investigations are required to clarify the etiological link between highly elevated anti-TPO titers and long COVID.