Distribution and Ecological Risk of in South Korea.

The number of alien species introduced into South Korea continues to increase over the years. In particular, several plants have been introduced as ornamentals. , which is native to the Americas and Australia, is believed to have been planted as an ornamental aquatic plant called "water primrose" and "primrose". It spread to natural ecosystems through rivers, and its distribution is gradually expanding in Suwon, Hwaseong, Busan, and Jeju. However, there has been no specific study on the ecological risk of introduced into South Korea. This study, therefore, investigates the distribution status and ecological risks of in South Korea through field surveys and allelopathic material analysis, as well as assessing abiotic risk factors. The distribution was confirmed at a total of 19 sites, with high-density mats of a single species forming along the water's edge and on the water surface. The maximum distribution area was 13,922 m in Chilgok Reservoir in Anseong. Stems and plant fragments transported along waterways were continuously forming colonies through vegetative propagation. When evaluating the overall risk, it is determined that has a high potential to cause significant damage to the ecosystem if not managed promptly. Therefore, continuous monitoring is necessary to effectively manage and prevent the habitat expansion of . The results of this study are expected to aid in the identification of the current distribution and potential ecological risks of in South Korea, providing essential data for ecological risk assessment and the development of effective management strategies.