Castagna Fabio, Liguori Giovanna, Lombardi Renato, Bava Roberto, Costagliola Anna, Giordano Antonio, Quintiliani Massimiliano, Giacomini Denise, Albergo Francesco, Gigliotti Andrea, Lupia Carmine, Ceniti Carlotta, Tilocca Bruno, Palma Ernesto, Roncada Paola, Britti Domenico
Department of Health Sciences, University of Catanzaro Magna Græcia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy.
Mediterranean Ethnobotanical Conservatory, 88054 Catanzaro, Italy.
Pathogens. 2024 Sep 27;13(10):840. doi: 10.3390/pathogens13100840.
The hepatitis E virus (HEV) has become increasingly important in recent years in terms of risk for public health, as the main causative agent of acute viral hepatitis. It is a foodborne disease transmitted to humans through the consumption of contaminated water or contaminated food. Human-to-human transmission is sporadic and is linked to transfusions or transplants. The main reservoirs of the hepatitis E virus are domestic pigs and wild boars, although, compared to pigs, wild boars represent a lesser source of risk since their population is smaller and the consumption of derived products is more limited. These peculiarities often make the role of the wild boar reservoir in the spread of the disease underestimated. As a public health problem that involves several animal species and humans, the management of the disease requires an interdisciplinary approach, and the concept of "One Health" must be addressed. In this direction, the present review intends to analyze viral hepatitis E, with a particular focus on wild boar. For this purpose, literature data have been collected from different scientific search engines: PubMed, MEDLINE, and Google scholar, and several keywords such as "HEV epidemiology", "Extrahepatic manifestations of Hepatitis E", and "HEV infection control measures", among others, have been used. In the first part, the manuscript provides general information on the disease, such as epidemiology, transmission methods, clinical manifestations and implications on public health. In the second part, it addresses in more detail the role of wild boar as a reservoir and the implications related to the virus epidemiology. The document will be useful to all those who intend to analyze this infectious disease from a "One-Health" perspective.
近年来，戊型肝炎病毒（HEV）作为急性病毒性肝炎的主要病原体，在公共卫生风险方面变得越来越重要。它是一种食源性疾病，通过食用受污染的水或食物传播给人类。人与人之间的传播是零星的，与输血或移植有关。戊型肝炎病毒的主要宿主是家猪和野猪，不过，与家猪相比，野猪作为风险源的可能性较小，因为其种群数量较少，其衍生产品的消费也更有限。这些特点常常使野猪宿主在疾病传播中的作用被低估。作为一个涉及多种动物物种和人类的公共卫生问题，该疾病的管理需要采取跨学科方法，必须关注“同一健康”的概念。在此方向上，本综述旨在分析戊型病毒性肝炎，特别关注野猪。为此，从不同的科学搜索引擎：PubMed、MEDLINE和谷歌学术收集了文献数据，并使用了几个关键词，如“戊型肝炎病毒流行病学”、“戊型肝炎的肝外表现”和“戊型肝炎病毒感染控制措施”等。在第一部分，手稿提供了关于该疾病的一般信息，如流行病学、传播方式、临床表现及其对公共卫生的影响。在第二部分，它更详细地阐述了野猪作为宿主的作用以及与病毒流行病学相关的影响。该文件将对所有打算从“同一健康”角度分析这种传染病的人有用。
