Molecular Properties of Virulence and Antibiotic Resistance of Causing Clinically Critical Infections.

The increase in the number of hospital strains of hypervirulent and multidrug resistant (MDR) is a major health problem that reduces medical treatment options and increases mortality. The molecular profiles of virulence and multidrug resistance of -associated hospital and community infections in Mexico have been poorly studied. In this study, we analyzed the different molecular profiles associated with the virulence genotypes related to multidrug resistance and the genotypes of multidrug efflux pumps () in causing clinically critical infections isolated from Mexican patients with community- and hospital-acquired infections. Susceptibility to 12 antibiotics was determined using the Kirby-Bauer method. The identification of and the detection of virulence and efflux pump system genes were performed using conventional PCR. All strains isolated from patients with hospital-acquired (n = 67) and community-acquired infections (n = 57) were multidrug resistant, mainly to beta-lactams (ampicillin [96.7%], carbenicillin [98.3%], cefalotin [97.5%], and cefotaxime [87%]), quinolones (norfloxacin [78.2%]), phenicols (chloramphenicol [91.9%]), nitrofurans (nitrofurantoin [70.9%]), aminoglycosides (gentamicin [75%]), and sulfonamide/trimethoprim (96.7%). Most strains (95.5%) isolated from patients with hospital- and community-acquired infections carried the adhesion () and biofilm formation () genes. Outer membrane proteins ( and ) were present in 100% of cases, elastases ( and ) in 100% and 98.3%, respectively, alkaline protease () and alginate () in 99.1% and 97.5%, respectively, and chaperone () and epoxide hydrolase () in 100% and 97.5%, respectively. Overall, 99.1% of the strains isolated from patients with hospital- and community-acquired infections carried the efflux pump system genes and , while 98.3% of the strains carried and . These findings show a wide distribution of the virulome related to the genotypic and phenotypic profiles of antibiotic resistance and the origin of the strains isolated from patients with hospital- and community-acquired infections, demonstrating that these molecular mechanisms may play an important role in high-pathogenicity infections caused by .