Efficient electroporation in primary cells with PEDOT:PSS electrodes.

Precise and efficient delivery of macromolecules into cells enhances basic biology research and therapeutic applications in cell therapies, drug delivery, and personalized medicine. While pulsed electric field electroporation effectively permeabilizes cell membranes to deliver payloads without the need for toxic chemical or viral transduction agents, conventional bulk electroporation devices face major challenges with cell viability and heterogeneity due to variations in fields generated across cells and electrochemistry at the electrode-electrolyte interface. Here, we introduce the use of microfabricated electrodes based on the conducting polymer poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) doped with polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS), which substantially increases cell viability and transfection efficiency. As a proof of concept, we demonstrate the enhanced delivery of Cas9 protein, guide RNA, and plasmid DNA into cell lines and primary cells. This use of PEDOT:PSS enables rapid modification of difficult-to-transfect cell types to accelerate their study and use as therapeutic platforms.