Perioperative paediatric patient blood management: a narrative review.

Patient blood management (PBM) encompasses implementing multimodal evidence-based strategies to screen, diagnose, and properly treat anaemia and coagulopathies using goal-directed therapy while minimising bleeding. The aim of PBM is to improve clinical care and patient outcomes while managing patients with potential or ongoing critical anaemia, clinically significant bleeding, and coagulopathies. The focus of PBM is patient-centred rather than transfusion-centred. Multimodal PBM strategies are now recommended by international organisations, including the World Health Organization, as a new standard of care and a proven means to safely and effectively manage anaemia and blood loss while minimising unnecessary blood transfusion. Compared with adult PBM, paediatric PBM is currently not routinely accepted as a standard of care. This is partly because of the paucity of robust data on paediatric patient PBM. Managing paediatric bleeding and blood product transfusion presents unique challenges. Neonates, infants, children, and adolescents each have specific considerations based on age, weight, physiology, and pharmacology. This narrative review covers the latest updates for PBM in paediatric surgical populations including the benefits and principles of paediatric PBM, current expert consensus guidelines, and important universal multimodal therapeutic strategies emphasising clinical management of the anaemic, bleeding, or coagulopathic paediatric patient in the perioperative period. Practical paediatric rules for PBM in the perioperative period are highlighted, with review of specific PBM strategies including treatment of preoperative anaemia, restrictive transfusion thresholds, antifibrinolytic agents, cell salvage, standardised transfusion algorithms, and goal-directed therapy based on point-of-care and viscoelastic testing.