Development of a Competitive Nutrient-Based T-Cell Immunotherapy Designed to Block the Adaptive Warburg Effect in Acute Myeloid Leukemia.

T-cell-based adoptive cell therapies have emerged at the forefront of cancer immunotherapies; however, failed long-term survival and inevitable exhaustion of transplanted T lymphocytes in vivo limits clinical efficacy. Leukemia blasts possess enhanced glycolysis (Warburg effect), exploiting their microenvironment to deprive nutrients (e.g., glucose) from T cells, leading to T-cell dysfunction and leukemia progression. Thus, we explored whether genetic reprogramming of T-cell metabolism could improve their survival and empower T cells with a competitive glucose-uptake advantage against blasts and inhibit their uncontrolled proliferation. Here, we discovered that high-glucose concentration reduced the T-cell expression of glucose transporter GLUT1 () and (mitochondrion transcription factor A), an essential transcriptional regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis, leading to their impaired expansion ex vivo. To overcome the glucose-induced genetic deficiency in metabolism, we engineered T cells with lentiviral overexpression of and/or transgene. Multi-omics analyses revealed that metabolic reprogramming promoted T-cell proliferation by increasing IL-2 release and reducing exhaustion. Moreover, the engineered T cells competitively deprived glucose from allogenic blasts and lessened leukemia burden in vitro. Our findings propose a novel T-cell immunotherapy that utilizes a dual strategy of starving blasts and cytotoxicity for preventing uncontrolled leukemia proliferation.