Facile Incorporation of Carbon Nanotubes into the Concrete Matrix Using Lignosulfonate Surfactants.

One of the ways to turn concrete into smart concrete involves the incorporation of conductive fillers. These fillers should be evenly distributed in the matrix to enable the charge propagation necessary for sensing. To homogenize the mixture, typical surface-active chemical compounds are routinely employed. Unfortunately, their presence often negatively impacts the characteristics of concrete. In this work, we show that conductive multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) can be included in the concrete matrix by using off-the-shelf lignosulfonate-based plasticizers. These plasticizers showed a much-improved capability to disperse MWCNTs compared to other routinely used surfactants. They also prevented a significant deterioration of the consistency of the mixture and inhibited the acceleration of the hydration process by MWCNTs. In concretes with MWCNTs and lignosulfonate-based plasticizers, the mechanical properties were largely preserved, while the nanocomposite became electrically conductive. Consequently, it enabled evaluation of the condition of the material by electrical impedance measurements.