Performance Optimization of Alkaline Multi-Industrial Waste-Based Cementitious Materials for Soil Solidification.

This study presents the development of eco-friendly cementitious materials for soil stabilization, based on alkaline multi-industrial waste (AMIW), using steel slag (SS), blast furnace slag (BFS), carbide slag (CS), fly ash (FA) and flue gas desulfurization gypsum (FGDG) as the raw materials. The optimal AMIW-based cementitious material composition determined through orthogonal experiments was SS:CS:FGDG:BFS:FA = 15:10:15:44:16. Central composite design (CCD) in response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to optimize the curing process parameters. The maximum 7-day unconfined compressive strength (7d UCS) was achieved under the optimal conditions of 18.51% moisture content, 11.46% curing agent content and 26.48 min of mix-grinding time. The 7d UCS of the AMIW-stabilized soil showed a 24% improvement over ordinary Portland cement (OPC)-stabilized soil. Rietveld refinement results demonstrated that the main hydration products of the stabilized soil were C-S-H and ettringite. After curing for 7 days to 28 days, the C-S-H content increased from 3.31% to 5.76%, while the ettringite content increased from 1.41% to 3.54%. Mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis revealed that with the extension of curing time, the pores of the stabilized soil become smaller and the structure becomes denser, resulting in an improvement in compressive strength.