Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK.
Immunology Research Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA.
Viruses. 2024 Sep 29;16(10):1541. doi: 10.3390/v16101541.
Some respiratory viruses, such as Human Rhinovirus, SARS-CoV-2, and Enterovirus D-68 (EV-D68), share the feature of hijacking host lipids in order to generate specialised replication organelles (ROs) with unique lipid compositions to enable viral replication. We have recently uncovered a novel non-canonical function of the stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway, as a critical factor in the formation of ROs in response to HRV infection. The STING pathway is the main DNA virus sensing system of the innate immune system controlling the type I IFN machinery. Although it is well-characterised as part of the DNA sensor machinery, the STING function in RNA viral infections is largely unexplored. In the current study, we investigated whether other RO-forming RNA viruses, such as EV-D68 and SARS-CoV-2, can also utilise STING for their replication. Using genetic and pharmacological inhibition, we demonstrate that STING is hijacked by these viruses and is utilised as part of the viral replication machinery. STING also co-localises with glycolytic enzymes needed to fuel the energy for replication. The inhibition of STING leads to the modulation of glucose metabolism in EV-D68-infected cells, suggesting that it might also manipulate immunometabolism. Therefore, for RO-generating RNA viruses, STING seems to have non-canonical functions in membrane lipid re-modelling, and the formation of replication vesicles, as well as immunometabolism.
一些呼吸道病毒,如人类鼻病毒、SARS-CoV-2 和肠道病毒 D-68(EV-D68),具有劫持宿主脂质的特征,以便生成具有独特脂质组成的专门复制细胞器(RO),从而实现病毒复制。我们最近发现干扰素基因刺激物(STING)途径的一个新的非经典功能,作为 HRV 感染时 RO 形成的关键因素。STING 途径是先天免疫系统中主要的 DNA 病毒感应系统,控制 I 型 IFN 机制。尽管它作为 DNA 传感器机制的一部分得到了很好的描述,但 STING 在 RNA 病毒感染中的功能在很大程度上尚未得到探索。在本研究中,我们研究了其他形成 RO 的 RNA 病毒,如 EV-D68 和 SARS-CoV-2,是否也可以利用 STING 进行复制。通过遗传和药理学抑制,我们证明这些病毒劫持了 STING,并将其用作病毒复制机制的一部分。STING 还与糖酵解酶共定位,这些酶为复制提供能量。STING 的抑制导致 EV-D68 感染细胞中葡萄糖代谢的调节,表明它可能还会操纵免疫代谢。因此,对于生成 RO 的 RNA 病毒,STING 似乎在膜脂质重修饰以及复制小泡的形成和免疫代谢中具有非经典功能。