Diet and exercise in relation to lower extremity artery disease.

Adherence to the Mediterranean diet (MeD) has been associated with a reduced incidence of peripheral arterial disease (PAD)/lower extremity arterial disease (LEAD) in observational trials and in a randomized trial. In secondary prevention, a lower hazard ratio for composite major adverse cardiovascular events has been associated with better adherence to MeD in a relatively small, randomized trial. This has not been confirmed in a sub-analysis of a large interventional trial of dual antithrombotic treatment. The effects of vegetarian, vegan or low carbohydrate/ketogenic diets on the incidence and outcomes of PAD/LEAD are not known. While abdominal obesity is associated with diabetes mellitus and PAD/LEAD, the lowest incidence of PAD/LEAD has been found in subjects with a body mass index 25-29.9 kg/m. Malnutrition is a negative prognostic factor for survival of patients with chronic limb threatening ischemia. Physical activity (PA) is an acute stressor, but habitual recreational PA results in beneficial adaptations and improved health. In observational studies, lower levels of exercise and lower physical fitness have been associated with more prevalent PAD/LEAD. In contrast to coronary artery disease, that shows a reverse J-shaped relationship between long-term endurance exercise and coronary atherosclerosis, such a relationship is not known for PAD/LEAD. A general recommendation for maintaining cardiovascular health is performing regular moderate-intensity exercise with some vigorous-intensity aerobic PA, and resistance exercise at least twice a week. Combinations of healthy behaviors are more effective in preventing PAD/LEAD than a single behavioral component. In treatment of PAD/LEAD causing intermittent claudication, supervised walking training is recommended among measures of first-line treatment, while unsupervised walking training should be considered as an alternative.