Recurrent Intrathoracic Liposarcoma: A Case Report and a Comprehensive Literature Review of a Rare Clinical Entity.

Liposarcomas (LPSs) are rare malignant tumors of adipocytic origin, primarily occurring in the extremities and retroperitoneum, with thoracic involvement being exceptionally rare. This case report details the surgical management and outcomes of a recurrent intrathoracic LPS in a 65-year-old male with a history of previous mediastinal tumor resection. CT imaging revealed a recurrent tumor extending into the left pleura. The patient underwent a posterolateral thoracotomy for complete tumor excision and limited replacement of the descending aorta. Postoperative recovery was smooth, and histology confirmed dedifferentiated LPS (G2) with areas of highly differentiated LPS. LPSs encompass a heterogeneous group of tumors with various subtypes, including atypical lipomatous tumor/well-differentiated liposarcoma (ALT/WDLPS), dedifferentiated liposarcoma (DDLPS), myxoid liposarcoma (MLPS), and pleomorphic liposarcoma (PLPS). Treatment primarily involves complete surgical resection, while the roles of radiotherapy and chemotherapy remain debated. Immunotherapy shows potential benefits, particularly for DDLPS patients expressing PD-L1. Prognosis varies significantly by subtype, with DDLPS and PLPS associated with poorer outcomes compared to MLPS and ALT/WDLPS. Long-term follow-up is crucial for managing LPSs due to their high recurrence rate. This case highlights the effectiveness of surgical intervention in recurrent intrathoracic LPSs and underlines the need for continued research into adjuvant therapies to improve patient outcomes.