Regulates Lipopolysaccharide-Induced BV2 Microglial Activation via MAPK and Nrf2 Signaling.

Neuroinflammation and microglial activation play critical roles in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. Modulating microglial activation may help prevent the progression of these disorders. This study aimed to investigate the effects and mechanisms of ethanol extract on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced microglial activation in BV2 cells. Cell viability and nitric oxide (NO) production were assessed using MTT assay and Griess reagent, while inflammatory cytokine levels were measured by qPCR. Key inflammatory pathways, including MAPK, TLR4, and antioxidant biomarkers, were analyzed through western blot and immunofluorescence. Rosmarinic acid content in was determined using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The results demonstrated that ethanol extract significantly inhibited LPS-induced NO production and reduced inflammatory cytokine expression. Additionally, it downregulated inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), TLR4, NF-κB, and MAPK signaling pathways (p38, JNK, ERK), while increasing the expression of antioxidant markers, including Nrf2, HO-1, catalase, and SOD2. In conclusion, ethanol extract exerts neuroprotective effects by modulating inflammation and enhancing antioxidant defenses, suggesting its potential in the prevention and treatment of inflammation-related neurodegenerative diseases.