Microglial Dysfunction in Neurodegenerative Diseases via RIPK1 and ROS.

Microglial dysfunction is a major contributor to the pathogenesis of multiple neurodegenerative diseases. The neurotoxicity of microglia associated with oxidative stress largely depends on NF-κB pathway activation, which promotes the production and release of microglial proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. In this review, we discuss the current literature on the essential role of the NF-κB pathway on microglial activation that exacerbates neurodegeneration, with a particular focus on RIPK1 kinase activity-dependent microglial dysfunction. As upregulated RIPK1 kinase activity is associated with reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation in neurodegenerative diseases, we also discuss the current knowledge about the mechanistic links between RIPK1 activation and ROS generation. Given RIPK1 kinase activity and oxidative stress are closely regulated with each other in a vicious cycle, future studies are required to be conducted to fully understand how RIPK1 and ROS collude together to disturb microglial homeostasis that drives neurodegenerative pathogenesis.