Gomase Virendra Supaji, Dhamane Suchita Prabhakar, Kemkar Kiran Ramesh, Kakade Pavan Ganpat, Sakhare Abhay Dewappa
S.P. Mandali's Prin. L. N. Welingkar Institute of Management Development & Research, Mumbai, 400019, India.
Department of Pharmaceutics, Jayawantrao Sawant College of Pharmacy and Research, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, 411028, India.
Protein Pept Lett. 2024;31(10):773-795. doi: 10.2174/0109298665342261240912105111.
The study of large protein sets (proteomics) involved in the immunological reaction is known as immunoproteomics. The methodology of immunoproteomics plays a major role in identifying possible vaccine candidates that could protect against pathogenic infection. The study of immunogenic proteins that are expressed during the outset of infection is the focus of the crosstalk between proteomics and immune protection antigens utilizing serum. Peptide presentation by MHC provides the new 'window' into changes that occur in the cell. Thus, there is strong, intense pressure on the pathogen that has been mutated in such an unusual manner that it can bypass the MHC peptide presentation by the MHC molecule. The pathogen's ability to evade the immune system is strongly restricted by the two unique distinct properties of MHC molecules, i.e., polygenic and polymorphic properties. MHC-I restriction epitope identification has traditionally been accomplished using genetic motif prediction. The study of immune system proteins and their interactions is the main emphasis of the specialist field of immunoproteomics within proteomics. Methodologies include mass spectrometry (MS), SRM assay, MALDI-TOF, Chromatography, ELISA, 2DG PAGE, and bioinformatics tools. Challenges are the complexity of the immune system, protein abundance and dynamics, sample variability, post-translational modifications (PTMs), and data integration. Current advancements are enhanced mass spectrometry techniques, single-cell proteomics, artificial intelligence and machine learning, advanced protein labeling techniques, integration with other omics technologies, and functional proteomics. However, the recently emerging field of immunoproteomics has more promising possibilities in the field of peptide-based vaccines and virus-like particle vaccines. The importance of immunoproteomics technologies and methodologies, as well as their use in the field of vaccinomics, are the main topics of this review. Here, we have discussed immunoproteomics in relation to a step towards the future of vaccination.
对参与免疫反应的大型蛋白质组（蛋白质组学）的研究被称为免疫蛋白质组学。免疫蛋白质组学方法在识别可能预防病原体感染的潜在疫苗候选物方面发挥着重要作用。利用血清研究感染初期表达的免疫原性蛋白质是蛋白质组学与免疫保护抗原之间相互作用的重点。MHC呈递的肽为细胞内发生的变化提供了新的“窗口”。因此，以这种异常方式发生突变从而能够绕过MHC分子进行MHC肽呈递的病原体承受着巨大的压力。病原体逃避免疫系统的能力受到MHC分子两个独特特性的强烈限制，即多基因性和多态性。传统上，MHC-I限制性表位的鉴定是通过遗传基序预测来完成的。免疫系统蛋白质及其相互作用的研究是蛋白质组学中免疫蛋白质组学专业领域的主要重点。方法包括质谱（MS）、SRM分析、MALDI-TOF、色谱法、ELISA、二维凝胶电泳（2DG PAGE）和生物信息学工具。面临的挑战包括免疫系统的复杂性、蛋白质丰度和动态变化、样本变异性、翻译后修饰（PTM）以及数据整合。当前的进展包括增强的质谱技术、单细胞蛋白质组学、人工智能和机器学习、先进的蛋白质标记技术、与其他组学技术的整合以及功能蛋白质组学。然而，最近新兴的免疫蛋白质组学领域在基于肽的疫苗和病毒样颗粒疫苗领域有更广阔的前景。免疫蛋白质组学技术和方法的重要性及其在疫苗组学领域的应用是本综述的主要主题。在此，我们讨论了免疫蛋白质组学与迈向疫苗未来的一步相关内容。
