Infants Produce Optimally Informative Points to Satisfy the Epistemic Needs of Their Communicative Partner.

Pragmatic theories assume that during communicative exchanges humans strive to be optimally informative and spontaneously adjust their communicative signals to satisfy their addressee's inferred epistemic needs. For instance, when necessary, adults flexibly and appropriately modify their communicative gestures to provide their partner the relevant information she lacks about the situation. To investigate this ability in infants, we designed a cooperative task in which 18-month-olds were asked to point at the target object they wanted to receive. In Experiment 1, we found that when their desired object was placed behind a distractor object, infants appropriately modified their prototypical pointing to avoid mistakenly indicating the distractor to their partner. When the objects were covered, and their cooperative partner had no information (Experiment 2) or incorrect information (Experiment 3) about the target's location - as opposed to being knowledgeable about it - infants pointed differentially more often at the target and employed modified pointing gestures more frequently as a function of the amount of relevant information that their partner needed to retrieve their desired object from its correct location. These findings demonstrate that when responding to a verbal request in a cooperative task 18-month-old infants can take into account their communicative partner's epistemic states and when necessary provide her with the relevant information she lacks through sufficiently informative deictic gestures. Our results indicate that infants possess an early emerging, species-unique cognitive adaptation specialized for communicative mindreading and pragmatic inferential communication which enable the efficient exchange of relevant information between communicating social partners in cooperative contexts.