Department of Pharmacy, Quzhou Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Quzhou People's Hospital, Quzhou, Zhejiang 324000, PR China.
Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310032, PR China; Innovation Research Center of Advanced Environmental Technology, Eco-Industrial Innovation Institute ZJUT, Quzhou, Zhejiang 324400, PR China.
Environ Res. 2024 Dec 15;263(Pt 3):120252. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.120252. Epub 2024 Oct 29.
Recent studies have demonstrated the widespread presence of 1,3-diphenylguanidine (DPG) and its derivatives in environmental matrices. While, the amount of human exposure to these rubber additives remains unclear. In this study, we collected human urine samples from healthy general adults (n = 221) living in Quzhou, China, and analyzed these samples for DPG and its five derivatives. DPG, 1,6-bis(cyano-guanidino)hexane (HCG), 1,3-di-o-tolylguanidine (DTG) and exhibited detection frequencies exceeding 50% in collected human urine. Presence of HCG, 1-(o-tolyl)biguanide (detection frequency 17%), and 1-(4-cyanophenyl)guanidine (6.0%) in human urine was also demonstrated for the first time. The highest mean human urinary concentration was found for DPG (0.89 ng/mL, < LOD-4.7 ng/mL), followed by DTG (0.57 ng/mL, < LOD-3.1 ng/mL) and HCG (0.34 ng/mL, < LOD-1.8 ng/mL). Male participants had consistently higher average human urinary levels of DPG, DTG, and HCG than female subjects, but none of these differences were significant (p > 0.10). DPG and DTQ consistently showed a decline in the human urinary concentrations as age of the participant increased. DPG (mean 170 ng/kg bw/day, median 137 ng/kg bw/day) had the highest human daily exposure amount, followed by DTG (106 ng/kg bw/day, 91 ng/kg bw/day) and HCG (58 ng/kg bw/day, 38 ng/kg bw/day). The study enhances our understanding of human exposure to these rubber additives, which is crucial for assessing their potential health risks.
最近的研究表明，1,3-二苯基胍（DPG）及其衍生物广泛存在于环境基质中。然而，人类接触这些橡胶添加剂的程度尚不清楚。在这项研究中，我们收集了居住在中国衢州的 221 名健康普通成年人的尿液样本，并对这些样本中的 DPG 及其五种衍生物进行了分析。DPG、1,6-双（氰基胍基）己烷（HCG）、1,3-二邻甲苯基胍（DTG）的检测频率超过了收集到的人类尿液中的 50%。人类尿液中还首次检测到 HCG、1-（邻甲苯基）双胍（检测频率为 17%）和 1-（4-氰基苯基）胍（6.0%）。DPG 在人类尿液中的最高平均浓度为 0.89ng/mL（<LOD-4.7ng/mL），其次是 DTG（<LOD-3.1ng/mL）和 HCG（<LOD-1.8ng/mL）。男性参与者的 DPG、DTG 和 HCG 平均尿液水平始终高于女性，但这些差异均无统计学意义（p>0.10）。DPG 和 DTQ 的人类尿液浓度随着参与者年龄的增加而持续下降。DPG（平均 170ng/kg bw/day，中位数 137ng/kg bw/day）的人类日暴露量最高，其次是 DTG（106ng/kg bw/day，91ng/kg bw/day）和 HCG（58ng/kg bw/day，38ng/kg bw/day）。该研究增进了我们对人类接触这些橡胶添加剂的认识，这对于评估它们的潜在健康风险至关重要。
