Huang Juxiu, Jin Hangbiao, Zhu Yingying, Guo Ruyue, Zhou Lisha, Wu Xiaoyu
Taizhou Central Hospital (Taizhou University Hospital), School of Medicine, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, China.
Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China.
Toxics. 2024 Oct 11;12(10):733. doi: 10.3390/toxics12100733.
Human exposure to various N,N'-substituted p-phenylenediamine-derived quinones (PPDQs) has been of increasing concern. Recent studies have examined N-phenyl-N'-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-p-phenylenediamine-derived quinone (6PPDQ) in human urine to evaluate human exposure. However, other PPDQs in human urine have not been thoroughly investigated. This study analyzed six PPDQs in urine collected from 149 healthy individuals in Taizhou, China. All target PPDQs were detected, with 6PPDQ (mean 2.4 ng/mL, <limit of detection (LOD)-19 ng/mL) and 2-(cyclohexylamino)-5-(phenylamino)cyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-dione (CPPDQ; 2.1 ng/mL, <LOD-24 ng/mL) being the most prevalent. Human urinary concentrations of 2,5-bis((5-methylhexan-2-yl)amino)cyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-dione (77PDQ; mean 1.5 vs. 0.87 ng/mL; = 0.013) and 2,5-bis(o-tolylamino)cyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-dione (mean 1.1 vs. 0.62 ng/mL; = 0.027) were significantly higher in females compared to males. For CPPDQ ( < 0.01) and 6PPDQ ( < 0.01), a decrease was observed in urinary concentrations as participants aged. The daily excretion (DE) of PPDQs through urine was estimated for Chinese adults. The highest average DE was recorded for 6PPDQ at 81 ng/kg-bw/day, with a range from <0.5 to 475 ng/kg-bw/day. Following this, CPPDQ had a mean DE of 68 ng/kg-bw/day (range <0.5-516 ng/kg-bw/day), and 77PDQ had a mean DE of 30 ng/kg-bw/day (<0.5-481 ng/kg-bw/day). This study is the first to explore the presence of various PPDQs in human urinary samples, which is essential for assessing the potential health risks associated with these substances.
人类接触各种N，N'-取代对苯二胺衍生醌（PPDQs）的情况日益受到关注。最近的研究检测了人尿中的N-苯基-N'-(1,3-二甲基丁基)-对苯二胺衍生醌（6PPDQ）以评估人类接触情况。然而，人尿中的其他PPDQs尚未得到充分研究。本研究分析了从中国泰州149名健康个体收集的尿液中的六种PPDQs。所有目标PPDQs均被检测到，其中6PPDQ（平均2.4 ng/mL，<检测限（LOD）-19 ng/mL）和2-(环己基氨基)-5-(苯氨基)环己-2,5-二烯-1,4-二酮（CPPDQ；2.1 ng/mL，<LOD-24 ng/mL）最为普遍。女性尿液中2,5-双((5-甲基己-2-基)氨基)环己-2,5-二烯-1,4-二酮（77PDQ；平均1.5对0.87 ng/mL；P = 0.013）和2,5-双(邻甲苯基氨基)环己-2,5-二烯-1,4-二酮（平均1.1对0.62 ng/mL；P = 0.027）的浓度显著高于男性。对于CPPDQ（P < 0.01）和6PPDQ（P < 0.01），随着参与者年龄的增长，尿液浓度有所下降。估计了中国成年人通过尿液排泄PPDQs的每日排泄量（DE）。6PPDQ的平均每日排泄量最高，为81 ng/kg体重/天，范围为<0.5至475 ng/kg体重/天。其次，CPPDQ的平均每日排泄量为68 ng/kg体重/天（范围<0.5至516 ng/kg体重/天），77PDQ的平均每日排泄量为30 ng/kg体重/天（<0.5至481 ng/kg体重/天）。本研究首次探索了人尿样本中各种PPDQs的存在情况，这对于评估与这些物质相关的潜在健康风险至关重要。
