Lee Jungha, Kim Hyo-Bin, Jung Hun-Jong, Chung Myunghee, Park So Eun, Lee Kon-Hee, Kim Won Seop, Moon Jin-Hwa, Lee Jung Won, Shim Jae Won, Lee Sang Soo, Kang Yunkoo, Yoo Young
Respite Care Center for Children, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea.
Department of Pediatrics, Inje University Sanggye Paik Hospital, Seoul, Korea.
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2024 Nov;67(11):589-598. doi: 10.3345/cep.2023.01578. Epub 2024 Oct 31.
Children face the excitement of a changing world but also encounter environmental threats to their health that were neither known nor suspected several decades ago. Children are at particular risk of exposure to pollutants that are widely dispersed in the air, water, and food. Children and adolescents are exposed to chemical, physical, and biological risks at home, in school, and elsewhere. Actions are needed to reduce these risks for children exposed to a series of environmental hazards. Exposure to a number of persistent environmental pollutants including air pollutants, endocrine disruptors, noise, electromagnetic waves (EMWs), tobacco and other noxious substances, heavy metals, and microplastics, is linked to damage to the nervous and immune systems and affects reproductive function and development. Exposure to environmental hazards is responsible for several acute and chronic diseases that have replaced infectious diseases as the principal cause of illnesses and death during childhood. Children are disproportionately exposed to environmental toxicities. Children drink more water, eat more food, and breathe more frequently than adults. As a result, children have a substantially heavier exposure to toxins present in water, food, or air than adults. In addition, their hand-to-mouth behaviors and the fact that they live and play close to the ground make them more vulnerable than adults. Children undergo rapid growth and development processes that are easily disrupted. These systems are very delicate and cannot adequately repair thetional development in children's environmental health was the Declaration of the Environment Leaders of the Eight on Children's Environmental Health by the Group of Eight. In 2002, the World Health Organization launched an initiative to improve children's environmental protection effort. Here, we review major environmental pollutants and related hazards among children and adolescents.
儿童面临着不断变化的世界带来的兴奋，但也遭遇了几十年前未知或未被怀疑的对其健康的环境威胁。儿童特别容易接触到广泛散布在空气、水和食物中的污染物。儿童和青少年在家庭、学校及其他地方会接触到化学、物理和生物风险。需要采取行动来降低接触一系列环境危害的儿童所面临的这些风险。接触多种持久性环境污染物，包括空气污染物、内分泌干扰物、噪音、电磁波、烟草及其他有害物质、重金属和微塑料，与神经和免疫系统损害有关，并会影响生殖功能和发育。接触环境危害是导致一些急性和慢性疾病的原因，这些疾病已取代传染病成为儿童期疾病和死亡的主要原因。儿童过多地接触环境毒性物质。儿童比成年人饮水更多、进食更多，呼吸也更频繁。因此，儿童接触水、食物或空气中毒素的程度比成年人要高得多。此外，他们手口接触的行为以及他们在地面附近生活和玩耍的事实，使他们比成年人更易受到伤害。儿童正经历快速的生长和发育过程，这些过程很容易受到干扰。这些系统非常脆弱，无法充分修复儿童环境健康方面的国家发展是八国集团关于儿童环境健康的八国环境领导人宣言。2002年，世界卫生组织发起了一项改善儿童环境保护工作的倡议。在此，我们回顾儿童和青少年中主要的环境污染物及相关危害。
