Torres-Pasillas Gabriel, Chi-Castañeda Donají, Carrillo-Castilla Porfirio, Marín Gerardo, Hernández-Aguilar María Elena, Aranda-Abreu Gonzalo Emiliano, Manzo Jorge, García Luis I
Doctorado en Investigaciones Cerebrales, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa 91190, Mexico;
Instituto de Investigaciones Cerebrales, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa 91190, Mexico.
NeuroSci. 2023 Jun 5;4(2):134-151. doi: 10.3390/neurosci4020013. eCollection 2023 Jun.
Parkinson's disease (PD) is known for its motor alterations, but the importance of non-motor symptoms (NMSs), such as olfactory dysfunction (OD), is increasingly recognized. OD may manifest during the prodromal period of the disease, even before motor symptoms appear. Therefore, it is suggested that this symptom could be considered a marker of PD. This article briefly describes PD, the evolution of the knowledge about OD in PD, the prevalence of this NMS and its role in diagnosis and as a marker of PD progression, the assessment of olfaction in patients with PD, the role of α-synuclein and its aggregates in the pathophysiology of PD, and then describes some functional, morphological, and histological alterations observed in different structures related to the olfactory system, such as the olfactory epithelium, olfactory bulb, anterior olfactory nucleus, olfactory tract, piriform cortex, hippocampus, orbitofrontal cortex, and amygdala. In addition, considering the growing evidence that suggests that the cerebellum is also involved in the olfactory system, it has also been included in this work. Comprehending the existing functional and neuroanatomical alterations in PD could be relevant for a better understanding of the mechanisms behind OD in patients with this neurodegenerative disorder.
帕金森病（PD）以其运动改变而闻名，但诸如嗅觉功能障碍（OD）等非运动症状（NMSs）的重要性日益得到认可。OD可能在疾病的前驱期出现，甚至在运动症状出现之前。因此，有人认为这种症状可被视为PD的一个标志物。本文简要介绍了PD、PD中关于OD的认识演变、这种NMS的患病率及其在诊断中的作用以及作为PD进展的标志物、PD患者嗅觉的评估、α-突触核蛋白及其聚集体在PD病理生理学中的作用，然后描述了在与嗅觉系统相关的不同结构中观察到的一些功能、形态和组织学改变，如嗅觉上皮、嗅球、前嗅核、嗅束、梨状皮质、海马、眶额皮质和杏仁核。此外，鉴于越来越多的证据表明小脑也参与嗅觉系统，它也被纳入了这项工作。了解PD中现有的功能和神经解剖学改变可能有助于更好地理解这种神经退行性疾病患者OD背后的机制。
