Wastewater treatment by algae-based membrane bioreactors: a review of the arrangement of a membrane reactor, physico-chemical properties, advantages and challenges.

Reducing wastewater contaminants is an emerging area of particular concern for many industrialized and developing countries in improving the ecological quality of their water sources. In this case, the use of algae-based microbial reactors for wastewater treatment has attracted increasing attention in recent years. The advantages of both conventional microbial membrane bioreactors (MBRs) and algae-based treatment are combined in algae-based MBRs. According to the literature, previous studies did not fully discuss the techniques and performance of algae-based bioreactor systems in the treatment of wastewater. In particular, little attention has been paid to the types of waste, their consequences, and the ways in which they are treated. This makes it more difficult to develop and scale up efficient systems to treat waste discharge from industry, agriculture, and urban areas. Thus, the objective of this study is to critically evaluate algae as a valuable biological resource for wastewater treatment, with the goal of reducing emerging contaminants and increasing the chemical oxygen demand (COD) in wastewater. The most common wastewater treatment techniques employed for addressing these wastes are examined together with a brief discussion on contaminants in wastewater. Furthermore, algae-based wastewater treatment arrangements, particularly hybrid configurations, are carefully studied in relation to techniques for removing contaminants using algae. After analysing the key physicochemical characteristics that affect the ability of algal-bioremediation to remove developing contaminants, the benefits of algal-bioremediation systems are compared to those of other techniques. Lastly, an investigation is conducted into the technological difficulties associated with employing algal-bioremediation systems to eliminate emerging contaminants.