Bitzer Johannes
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
Contraception. 2025 May;145:110734. doi: 10.1016/j.contraception.2024.110734. Epub 2024 Oct 30.
A pregnancy is in general the result of the sexual interaction of two individuals, with either different or same genders (male, female, non-binary etc). Preventing an unwanted pregnancy is therefore basically a "joint preventive behavior", which can be achieved by gender specific behaviors with gender specific methods in a specific sociocultural environment. This sociocultural environment (circumstances) determines the frame of gender specific behaviors (reproductive rights) and the available gender specific contraceptive methods (contraceptive technology). In the sociocultural history of contraception different models of contraceptive practice evolved from the patriarchal to the female emancipation model, with different balances and imbalances regarding these two basic components. Based on the concept of the "joint preventive behavior" not only reproductive rights including reproductive responsibilities, but also contraceptive choices should be as equally balanced as possible, to allow collaboration between two individuals involved in reproduction. The development and the broad availability of different male contraceptive methods allowing individualization and best fit between the method and the individual profile, will be an important way forward to achieve this goal.
怀孕通常是两个个体（性别不同或相同，如男性、女性、非二元性别等）进行性互动的结果。因此，预防意外怀孕基本上是一种“联合预防行为”，在特定的社会文化环境中，可以通过具有性别特异性的行为和方法来实现。这种社会文化环境（情况）决定了性别特异性行为（生殖权利）的框架以及可用的性别特异性避孕方法（避孕技术）。在避孕的社会文化历史中，不同的避孕实践模式从父权制模式演变到女性解放模式，在这两个基本组成部分之间存在不同程度的平衡与失衡。基于“联合预防行为”的概念，不仅包括生殖责任在内的生殖权利，而且避孕选择也应尽可能达到平等平衡，以便参与生殖的两个人之间能够合作。不同男性避孕方法的开发及其广泛可得性，使方法能够个性化并与个人情况最佳匹配，这将是实现这一目标的重要途径。
