Unravelling the Significance of Seed Proteomics: Insights into Seed Development, Function, and Agricultural Applications.

Seeds are essential for plant reproduction, ensuring species survival and dispersal while adapting to diverse environments throughout a plant's life. Proteomics has emerged as a powerful tool for deciphering the complexities of seed growth, germination, and stress responses. Advanced proteomic technologies enable the analysis of protein changes during germination, dormancy, and ageing, enhancing our understanding of seed lifespan and vitality. Recent studies have revealed detailed insights into metabolic processes and storage protein profiles across various plant species. This knowledge is crucial for improving seed storage, conserving quality, and maintaining viability. Additionally, it contributes to sustainable agriculture by identifying stress-responsive proteins and signalling pathways that can mitigate stress and enhance farming practices. This review highlights significant advancements in seed proteomics over the past decade, discussing critical discoveries related to storage proteins, protein interactions, and proteome modifications due to stress. It illustrates how these insights transform seed biology, boosting productivity, food security, and environmentally friendly practices. The review also identifies existing knowledge gaps and provides direction for future research, underscoring the need for continued interdisciplinary collaboration in this dynamic field.