Choisez Laurine, Van Ende Marie-Aline, Bruyr Zakarie, Contino Francesco, Jacques Pascal J
UCLouvain, Institute of Mechanics, Materials and Civil Engineering, IMAP, Place Sainte Barbe, 2, Louvain-la-Neuve B-1348, Belgium.
Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University and Research Institute for Advanced Materials, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
Philos Trans A Math Phys Eng Sci. 2024 Dec 2;382(2284):20230236. doi: 10.1098/rsta.2023.0236. Epub 2024 Nov 4.
Sustainable energy production, inherently transient and non-uniformly distributed around the world, requires the rapid development of sustainable energy storage technologies. Recently, pure iron powder was proposed as a high-energy density carrier. While promising, challenges are faced, such as nanoparticle emissions, micro-explosions or cavitation. In this work, a screening of the impact of the most common impurities in iron sources on these mechanisms was conducted through purely thermodynamic simulations. Two idealized models were considered to obtain a range of plausible flame temperatures and emitted gases when considering a purely diffusive regime in standard conditions and stoichiometric air-fuel mixture. The flame temperature and iron evaporation are increasing with the specific energy. A strong evaporation of C, S, Mo, Cu and P is also expected. Most impurities are predicted to decrease cavitation, except for Mn and MnO. The regeneration process by hydrogen-based direct reduction in fluidized bed reactors is also discussed. MgO and CaO are the most promising additions in terms of reducing nanoparticles and porosities, as well as to improve the fluidization and reduction kinetics of the combusted products. The potential of Fe powder as sustainable fuel, already very promising, could be further improved by the addition of selectively chosen impurities.This article is part of the discussion meeting issue 'Sustainable metals: science and systems'.
可持续能源生产本质上具有瞬态性且在全球分布不均，这就需要可持续储能技术的快速发展。最近，纯铁粉被提议作为一种高能量密度载体。尽管前景广阔，但仍面临诸多挑战，如纳米颗粒排放、微爆炸或空化现象。在这项工作中，通过纯粹的热力学模拟，筛选了铁源中最常见杂质对这些机制的影响。考虑到标准条件下的纯扩散状态和化学计量比的空气 - 燃料混合物，采用了两个理想化模型来获得一系列合理的火焰温度和排放气体。火焰温度和铁蒸发随比能量增加。预计碳、硫、钼、铜和磷也会大量蒸发。除了锰和氧化锰外，大多数杂质预计会减少空化现象。还讨论了在流化床反应器中通过基于氢的直接还原进行的再生过程。就减少纳米颗粒和孔隙率以及改善燃烧产物的流化和还原动力学而言，氧化镁和氧化钙是最有前景的添加剂。铁粉作为可持续燃料的潜力已经非常可观，通过添加经过选择性选择的杂质可以进一步提高。本文是“可持续金属：科学与系统”讨论会议题的一部分。
