Oxygen-generating hydrogels combined with electrical stimulation: A dual approach for promoting diabetic wound healing.

Chronic wounds resulting from hyperglycemia and hypoxia are common complications in diabetic patients, posing significant challenges for clinical treatment. In this study, we developed a hydrogel (PVNP-SP) using [VBIM]Br, NIPAM, PEGDA, and spirulina, which exhibited strong antioxidant properties. The incorporation of [VBIM]Br endowed the hydrogel with electrical conductivity, allowing it to activate voltage-gated ion channels under an external electric field, thereby promoting cell survival and migration. The hydrogel also enhanced cellular antioxidant capacity by providing sustained oxygenation, inhibiting HIF-1α nuclear translocation, and activating the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway. Notably, in a chronic wound model, the combined effects of oxygen production and electrical stimulation from the PVNP-SP hydrogel significantly reduced wound inflammation, promoted collagen deposition and angiogenesis, and facilitated early wound closure. This therapeutic strategy, which mitigates hypoxia while integrating electrical stimulation, offers a highly effective strategy for improving chronic wound healing in diabetic patients. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Inspired by photoautotrophic organisms, we combined microalgae with a conductive hydrogel and we demonstrated the synergistic promotion of chronic wound healing by electrical stimulation combined with microalgae oxygen-producing hydrogel. The approach of combining microalgae hydrogel patches with electrical stimulation demonstrates the feasibility of delivering oxygen to tissues while combining electrical stimulation for synergistic tissue repair. The hydrogel is easy to fabricate and handle, and may be suitable for a variety of treatments, such as myocardial infarction, lower limb ischemia, and drug delivery. The potential applicability of this hydrogel in a variety of treatments suggests that it has promising applications in regenerative medicine.