Wolfson Julia A, Tucker Anna Claire, Leung Cindy W, Rebholz Casey M, Garcia-Larsen Vanessa, Martinez-Steele Euridice
Department of International Health and Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States.
Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States.
J Nutr. 2025 Jan;155(1):280-292. doi: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2024.10.048. Epub 2024 Nov 2.
Ultraprocessed foods (UPFs) comprise >50% of United States adults' energy intake, with the proportion of calories from UPFs increasing over time and the proportion of unprocessed/minimally processed foods (MPFs) decreasing over time. Whether UPFs are primarily consumed at home (AH) or away from home (AFH) is important to inform policies and messages to improve dietary quality.
We examined trends in consumption of UPFs and MPFs AH and AFH in a nationally representative sample of United States adults and within sociodemographic subgroups.
Data are from 34,628 adults (aged ≥20 y) with two 24-h dietary recalls from the 2003-2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. We examined trends over time in intake from MPFs and UPFs as a proportion of total energy intake and as a proportion of AH energy intake and AFH energy intake using generalized linear models adjusted for sex, age, race/ethnicity, education, and household income. We examined differences in trends by sociodemographic subgroups using interaction terms and stratified models.
Overall, and for most demographic subgroups, UPFs comprised >50% of AH energy intake and >50% of AFH energy intake, with UPFs increasing and MPFs decreasing over time as a proportion of energy intake AH and AFH. The proportion of total energy intake from UPFs increased for food consumed AH (33.6%-37.1%, P-trend < 0.001), but not for UPFs consumed AFH (19.5%-18.8%, P-trend = 0.88). From 2003-2004 to 2017-2018, the proportion of total energy intake from MPFs declined for foods consumed AH (23.6%-20.8%, P-trend <0.001) and AFH (9.7%-7.5%, P-trend <0.001). Interaction terms testing differences in trends of MPF and UPF intake AH and AFH by sociodemographic subgroups were mostly nonsignificant.
Findings highlight the ubiquity and increasing proportion of UPFs in United States adults' diets regardless of whether foods are consumed AH or AFH.
超加工食品（UPFs）占美国成年人能量摄入量的50%以上，随着时间的推移，来自超加工食品的卡路里比例不断增加，而未加工/最低限度加工食品（MPFs）的比例则不断下降。了解超加工食品主要是在家中（AH）还是在外出时（AFH）食用，对于制定改善饮食质量的政策和信息非常重要。
我们在一个具有全国代表性的美国成年人样本以及社会人口亚组中，研究了在家和外出时超加工食品和最低限度加工食品的消费趋势。
数据来自2003 - 2018年国家健康与营养检查调查中34,628名年龄≥20岁的成年人，他们提供了两次24小时饮食回忆。我们使用针对性别、年龄、种族/族裔、教育程度和家庭收入进行调整的广义线性模型，研究了随着时间推移，最低限度加工食品和超加工食品摄入量占总能量摄入量的比例，以及占在家能量摄入量和外出能量摄入量的比例的趋势。我们使用交互项和分层模型研究了社会人口亚组在趋势上的差异。
总体而言，对于大多数人口亚组，超加工食品占在家能量摄入量的50%以上，也占外出能量摄入量的50%以上，随着时间的推移，超加工食品作为在家和外出能量摄入量的比例不断增加，而最低限度加工食品则不断下降。在家消费的食品中，来自超加工食品的总能量摄入量比例有所增加（33.6% - 37.1%，P趋势<0.001），但外出消费的超加工食品则没有增加（19.5% - 18.8%，P趋势 = 0.88）。从2003 - 2004年到2017 - 2018年，在家消费的食品中，来自最低限度加工食品的总能量摄入量比例下降（23.6% - 20.8%，P趋势<0.001），外出消费的食品中也下降（9.7% - 7.5%，P趋势<0.001）。通过社会人口亚组对在家和外出时最低限度加工食品和超加工食品摄入量趋势差异进行检验的交互项大多无统计学意义。
研究结果凸显了超加工食品在美国成年人饮食中无处不在且比例不断增加，无论食品是在家中还是外出时食用。
