CRISPR: New promising biotechnological tool in wastewater treatment.

The increasing demand for water resources with increase in population has sparked interest in reusing produced water, especially in water-scarce regions. The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) technology is an emerging genome editing tool that has the potential to trigger significant impact with broad application scope in wastewater treatment. We provide a comprehensive overview of the scope of CRISPR-Cas based tool for treating wastewater that may bring new scope in wastewater management in future in controlling harmful contaminants and pathogens. As an advanced versatile genome engineering tool, focusing on particular genes and enzymes that are accountable for pathogen identification, regulation of antibiotic/antimicrobial resistance, and enhancing processes for wastewater bioremediation constitute the primary focal points of research associated with this technology. The technology is highly recommended for targeted mutations to incorporate desirable microalgal characteristics and the development of strains capable of withstanding various wastewater stresses. However, concerns about gene leakage from strains with modified genome and off target mutations should be considered during field application. A comprehensive interdisciplinary approach involving various fields and an intense research focus concerning delivery systems, target genes, detection, environmental conditions, and monitoring at both lab and ground level should be considered to ensure its successful application in sustainable and safe wastewater treatment.