Fay Rachel L, Keyel Alexander C, Ciota Alexander T
The Arbovirus Laboratory, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Slingerlands, NY, United States; Department of Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Albany School of Public Health, Rensselaer, NY, United States.
The Arbovirus Laboratory, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Slingerlands, NY, United States; Department of Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, NY, United States.
Adv Virus Res. 2022;114:147-193. doi: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2022.08.002. Epub 2022 Oct 7.
West Nile virus (WNV) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus with a global distribution that is maintained in an enzootic cycle between Culex species mosquitoes and avian hosts. Human infection, which occurs as a result of spillover from this cycle, is generally subclinical or results in a self-limiting febrile illness. Central nervous system infection occurs in a minority of infections and can lead to long-term neurological complications and, rarely, death. WNV is the most prevalent arthropod-borne virus in the United States. Climate change can influence several aspects of WNV transmission including the vector, amplifying host, and virus. Climate change is broadly predicted to increase WNV distribution and risk across the globe, yet there will likely be significant regional variability and limitations to this effect. Increases in temperature can accelerate mosquito and pathogen development, drive increases in vector competence for WNV, and also alter mosquito life history traits including longevity, blood feeding behavior and fecundity. Precipitation, humidity and drought also impact WNV transmissibility. Alteration in avian distribution, diversity and phenology resulting from climate variation add additional complexity to these relationships. Here, we review WNV epidemiology, transmission, disease and genetics in the context of laboratory studies, field investigations, and infectious disease models under climate change. We summarize how mosquito genetics, microbial interactions, host dynamics, viral strain, population size, land use and climate account for distinct relationships that drive WNV activity and discuss how these dynamic and evolving interactions could shape WNV transmission and disease under climate change.
西尼罗河病毒（WNV）是一种由蚊子传播的黄病毒，在全球范围内均有分布，在库蚊属蚊子和鸟类宿主之间以动物疫源性循环的方式维持传播。人类感染是由于该循环中的病毒外溢所致，通常为亚临床感染，或导致一种自限性发热疾病。少数感染会引发中枢神经系统感染，并可能导致长期神经并发症，甚至极少情况下会导致死亡。西尼罗河病毒是美国最普遍的节肢动物传播病毒。气候变化会影响西尼罗河病毒传播的多个方面，包括病媒、扩增宿主和病毒。普遍预测气候变化会增加西尼罗河病毒在全球的分布范围和传播风险，不过这种影响可能会存在显著的区域差异和局限性。气温升高会加速蚊子和病原体的发育，提高蚊子对西尼罗河病毒的传播能力，还会改变蚊子的生活史特征，包括寿命、吸血行为和繁殖力。降水、湿度和干旱也会影响西尼罗河病毒的传播能力。气候变化导致的鸟类分布、多样性和物候变化，使这些关系变得更加复杂。在此，我们结合气候变化背景下的实验室研究、实地调查和传染病模型，综述西尼罗河病毒的流行病学、传播、疾病和遗传学。我们总结了蚊子遗传学、微生物相互作用、宿主动态、病毒株、种群规模、土地利用和气候如何导致驱动西尼罗河病毒活动的不同关系，并讨论了这些动态且不断演变的相互作用如何在气候变化条件下影响西尼罗河病毒的传播和疾病。
