Bolan Shiv, Wijesekara Hasintha, Ireshika Achali, Zhang Tao, Pu Mingjun, Petruzzelli Gianniantonio, Pedron Francesca, Hou Deyi, Wang Liuwei, Zhou Sarah, Zhao Hoachen, Siddique Kadambot H M, Wang Hailong, Rinklebe Jörg, Kirkham M B, Bolan Nanthi
UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia; The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia; Healthy Environments And Lives (HEAL) National Research Network, Australia.
Department of Natural Resources, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Sabaragamuwa University of Sri Lanka, Belihuloya 70140, Sri Lanka.
Environ Int. 2023 Oct 19;181:108276. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.108276.
Tungsten (W) is a rare element and present in the earth's crust mainly as iron, aluminium, and calcium minerals including wolframite and scheelite. This review aims to offer an overview on the current knowledge on W pollution in complex environmental settlings, including terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, linking to its natural and anthropogenic sources, behavior in soil and water, environmental and human health hazards, and remediation strategies. Tungsten is used in many alloys mainly as wafers, which have wide industrial applications, such as incandescent light bulb filaments, X-ray tubes, arc welding electrodes, radiation shielding, and industrial catalysts. The rigidity and high density of W enable it to be suitable for defence applications replacing lead. In soil, W metal is oxidised to the tungstate anion and occurs in oxidation states from - 2 to + 6, with the most prevalent oxidation state of + 6. However, recently, people have been alerted to the risk posed by W alloys and its particulates, which can cause cancer and have other detrimental health effects in animals and humans. The population is subject to W pollution in the workplace by breathing, ingestion, and dermal contact. Remediation of W-polluted soil and aquatic environments can be accomplished via stabilization or solubilization. Stabilization of W in soil and groundwater using immobilizing agents inhibits the bioavailability of W, thereby preventing the contaminant from reaching the food chain, while solubilization of W in soil involving mobilizing materials accelerates the elimination of W via soil washing and root absorption. Future research opportunities covering risk-based remediation of W pollution in these complex settings are presented.
钨（W）是一种稀有元素，在地壳中主要以铁、铝和钙的矿物形式存在，包括黑钨矿和白钨矿。本综述旨在概述当前关于复杂环境中的钨污染的知识，包括陆地和水生生态系统，涉及钨的自然和人为来源、在土壤和水中的行为、对环境和人类健康的危害以及修复策略。钨主要以薄片形式用于许多合金中，这些合金具有广泛的工业应用，如白炽灯灯丝、X射线管、弧焊电极、辐射屏蔽和工业催化剂。钨的刚性和高密度使其适用于替代铅的国防应用。在土壤中，钨金属被氧化成钨酸根阴离子，其氧化态为-2至+6，最常见的氧化态为+6。然而，最近人们已被提醒注意钨合金及其颗粒所带来的风险，它们可导致动物和人类患癌症及产生其他有害健康的影响。人群在工作场所会通过呼吸、摄入和皮肤接触受到钨污染。受钨污染的土壤和水环境的修复可通过稳定化或增溶作用来实现。使用固定剂使钨在土壤和地下水中稳定化可抑制钨的生物有效性，从而防止污染物进入食物链，而涉及活化物质的土壤中钨的增溶作用则通过土壤冲洗和根系吸收加速钨的去除。本文还介绍了在这些复杂环境中基于风险的钨污染修复的未来研究机会。
