Role of HOXA10 in pathologies of the endometrium.

HOXA10 belongs to the homeobox gene family and is essential for uterine biogenesis, endometrial receptivity, embryo implantation, and stromal cell decidualization. Available evidence suggests that the expression of HOXA10 is dysregulated in different endometrial disorders like endometrial hyperplasia, endometrial cancer, adenomyosis, endometriosis, recurrent implantation failure, and unexplained infertility. The downregulation of HOXA10 occurs by genetic changes in the HOXA10 gene, methylation of the HOXA10 locus, or selected miRNAs. Endocrine disruptors and organic pollutants also cause the reduced expression of HOXA10 in these conditions. In vivo experiments in mouse models and in vitro studies in human cell lines demonstrate that downregulation of HOXA10 leads to endometrial epithelial cell proliferation, failure of stromal cell decidualization, altered expression of genes involved in cell cycle regulation, immunomodulation, and various signaling pathways. These disruptions are speculated to cause infertility associated with the disorders of the endometrium.