Scarano Wellerson Rodrigo, Guerra Marina Trevizan, Perobelli Juliana Elaine, Fernandes Glaura S A, Arena Arielle Cristina, de Aquino Ariana Musa, Rocha Vanessa Aguiar, Magosso Natalia, Souza Patrick Vieira, Barbisan Luis Fernando
Reproduction. 2025 Jan 2;169(1). doi: 10.1530/REP-24-0186. Print 2025 Jan 1.
Exposure to phthalates, alone or in mixtures, at different periods of development alters the reproductive function of males and females, especially in rodents, where they have been most studied. This review addressed the most recent data (last 10 years) on exposure to phthalates in different scenarios and how the use of natural products could mitigate the harmful effects caused by exposure at different stages of development.
This review article summarizes the experimental findings in rodents published between 2014 and 2024 concerning phthalates exposure and reproductive outcomes. Rodents were chosen for this review because most studies that have focused on developmental aspects in different phases of exposure and that address more in-depth reproductive mechanisms have been carried out in mice and rats. The evidence of adverse effects of phthalates on fetal development and human and animal reproduction is extensive, with impacts ranging from gene expression to physiological alterations. Despite the large volume of scientific papers pointing out the harmful effects of exposure to phthalates, isolated or in mixtures, at different developmental periods, most of them are associated with the maternal exposure and long-term effects in the offspring. Regular vegetables, fruits, fish, dairy products, and whole grains intake rich in bioactive compounds can mitigate the adverse effects of endocrine-disrupting chemicals in humans and animals at different developmental periods. Various food bioactive compounds (FBCs), such as genistein, resveratrol, lycopene, vitamin E, curcumin, selenium, and plant secondary metabolites (PSMs), present antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, and other biological properties with the potential to reduce deleterious effects of phthalates on the reproductive tract. In this review, we aimed to summarize the main studies carried out in the last decade about phthalate exposure and reproductive disorders in males and females (at different developmental critical windows). In addition, we proposed some FBCs and PSMs that could attenuate the main adverse effects caused by phthalate exposure on male reproduction because there is a lack of studies with females.
在不同发育阶段单独或混合接触邻苯二甲酸盐会改变雄性和雌性的生殖功能，尤其是在啮齿动物中，这方面的研究最为深入。本综述阐述了不同情况下接触邻苯二甲酸盐的最新数据（过去10年），以及天然产物的使用如何减轻在发育不同阶段接触所造成的有害影响。
本文综述总结了2014年至2024年间发表的关于啮齿动物邻苯二甲酸盐暴露与生殖结果的实验研究。之所以选择啮齿动物进行本综述，是因为大多数关注不同暴露阶段发育方面并深入探讨生殖机制的研究都是在小鼠和大鼠身上开展的。邻苯二甲酸盐对胎儿发育以及人类和动物生殖产生不良影响的证据广泛，其影响范围从基因表达到生理改变。尽管大量科学论文指出在不同发育时期单独或混合接触邻苯二甲酸盐的有害影响，但其中大多数与母体接触及其对后代的长期影响有关。经常摄入富含生物活性化合物的蔬菜、水果、鱼类、乳制品和全谷物可以减轻内分泌干扰化学物质在不同发育时期对人类和动物的不良影响。各种食物生物活性化合物（FBCs），如染料木黄酮、白藜芦醇、番茄红素、维生素E、姜黄素、硒和植物次生代谢产物（PSMs），具有抗氧化、抗炎、抗肿瘤和其他生物学特性，有可能减少邻苯二甲酸盐对生殖道的有害影响。在本综述中，我们旨在总结过去十年中关于邻苯二甲酸盐暴露与雄性和雌性生殖障碍（在不同发育关键窗口）的主要研究。此外，由于缺乏对雌性的研究，我们提出了一些可以减轻邻苯二甲酸盐暴露对雄性生殖主要不良影响的FBCs和PSMs。
