Pyrrolidine derivatives as α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitors: Design, synthesis, structure-activity relationship (SAR), docking studies and HSA binding.

In our pursuit of developing effective inhibitors for the enzymes α-amylase and α-glucosidase, which play a crucial role in carbohydrate metabolism related to type-2 diabetes, we synthesized compounds featuring a pyrrolidine ring. The synthesis involved coupling N-Boc-proline with various aromatic amines, resulting in the formation of distinct N-Boc proline amides. To investigate the influence of the Boc group on enzyme inhibition, the Boc group was subsequently removed. testing against α-amylase and α-glucosidase, with metformin and acarbose as reference standards, revealed that the 4-methoxy analogue showed noteworthy inhibitory activity, with IC values of 26.24 and 18.04 μg/mL, respectively. Compounds with an IC value of 36.32 μg/mL and with an IC value of 27.51 μg/mL displayed significant inhibitory activity against α-amylase and α-glucosidase, respectively. The results of molecular docking studies of the most potent pyrrolidine derivatives and with α-amylase and and with α-glucosidase showed good agreement with experimental data. Moreover, compound showed strong binding interactions with HSA having binding constant values of 7.08 × 10 M and 4.77 × 10 M using UV-visible and fluorescence spectrophotometry, respectively.