Copper excess transcriptional responses in roots of grapevine (Vitis sp.) rootstocks.

Copper (Cu) is an essential element for plants, participating in photosynthesis, oxidative metabolism and cell wall synthesis. However, excessive Cu may become toxic, as Cu participates in Fenton chemistry and cause oxidative stress. Grapevine (Vitis sp.) is an important perennial crop, used for in natura consumption as well as for wine and juice. Vineyards are susceptible to fungal diseases that are commonly controlled by using Cu-based fungicides, which can lead to Cu accumulation in the soil. Since grape production is based on grafting scions of consumed-friendly varieties onto rootstocks that can withstand soil-borne diseases and stresses, it is important to identify rootstock genotypes that are tolerant to Cu excess. In this work, we compared physiological and molecular responses of four Vitis sp. rootstock genotypes to Cu excess, namely IAC, IBCA, Paulsen and Isabel. While IAC, IBCA, Paulsen were similarly tolerant, Isabel was the most sensitive to Cu excess. IAC and IBCA showed higher Cu accumulation in shoots, suggesting distinct partitioning strategy. We identified core Cu excess-responsive genes in grapevine roots of all four genotypes, including a putative HMA vacuolar Cu transporter and Cu-binding proteins. Genes related to the homeostasis of other elements are altered, such as iron (Fe) and phosphorus (P), suggesting that Cu excess alters the ionome balance. IAC and IBCA had extensive changes in their laccase gene repertoire, suggesting that could be related to the distinct Cu partitioning. Moreover, genes associated specifically with Isabel could be related to the genotype Cu excess sensitivity. Our work provides a valuable dataset for understanding variation in Cu tolerance how roots respond transcriptionally to Cu stress, and provide candidate genes for engineering Cu tolerance in grapevines.