Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Ruder Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka c. 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Ruder Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka c. 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
Sci Total Environ. 2024 Dec 15;956:177339. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.177339. Epub 2024 Nov 9.
A field study on the occurrence and distribution of forty-three pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) in water and fish samples from anthropogenically impacted section of the Sava River (Croatia) was performed to estimate the importance of bioaccumulation for the environmental risk assessment of PhACs. The study was performed using a highly specific LC-MS/MS method, tailored to include the most prominent PhACs from different therapeutic categories as well as their major metabolites and/or transformation products (TPs). The results revealed a widespread occurrence of PhAC residues both in water and fish samples with a large spatial variability reflecting the distance from the dominant wastewater discharges. The most prominent PhAC categories in less polluted upstream part of the river were common psychostimulants caffeine and cotinine, therapeutic opioids and cardiovascular drugs, while in the river section affected by the local municipal and industrial wastewater inputs, antibiotic drugs became clearly predominant, especially in fish tissue samples. The apparent bioconcentration factors (BCFs) of investigated PhACs varied over several orders of magnitude, from 0.02 ± 0.01 L kg for O-desmethyl tramadol in fish muscle to 784 ± 260 L kg for terbinafine in fish liver, indicating rather large differences in their bioconcentration potential and affinity to different tissues, with the tissue-specific BCFs increasing in the following order: muscle < gills < gonads < heart < liver < kidneys. The bioconcentration potential of most of the PhACs included in this study was only low to moderate however moderately high BCFs of certain PhACs (e.g. sertraline, terbinafine, loratadine, diazepam and azithromycin) in some tissues should be taken into consideration when assessing their potential environmental risks. Moreover, it was shown that BCFs could be strongly affected by biotransformation in fish. Risk prioritization based on risk quotient (RQ) and ToxPi index, revealed antibiotics, in particular azithromycin, and therapeutic psychoactive substances as the most hazardous pharmaceutical contaminants in the Sava River.
开展了一项实地研究，以评估生物积累对环境风险评估中药物活性化合物（PhACs）的重要性。研究采用了一种高度特异性的 LC-MS/MS 方法，专门针对不同治疗类别的最主要的 PhACs 及其主要代谢物和/或转化产物（TPs）。结果表明，在受人类活动影响的萨瓦河（克罗地亚）河段的水和鱼样本中，PhAC 残留广泛存在，且空间变异性较大，反映了与主要废水排放点的距离。在河流上游污染较少的部分，最主要的 PhAC 类别是常见的精神兴奋剂咖啡因和可替宁、治疗性阿片类药物和心血管药物，而在受当地市政和工业废水排放影响的河段，抗生素药物则明显占主导地位，特别是在鱼类组织样本中。所研究的 PhAC 的表观生物浓缩因子（BCF）变化范围很大，从鱼类肌肉中 O-去甲基曲马多的 0.02±0.01 L kg 到鱼类肝脏中特比萘芬的 784±260 L kg，表明它们的生物浓缩潜力和对不同组织的亲和力有很大差异，组织特异性 BCF 按以下顺序增加：肌肉<鳃<性腺<心脏<肝脏<肾脏。然而，本研究中包含的大多数 PhAC 的生物浓缩潜力仅为低至中等，而某些 PhAC（如舍曲林、特比萘芬、氯雷他定、地西泮和阿奇霉素）在某些组织中的中等偏高 BCF 应在评估其潜在环境风险时加以考虑。此外，研究表明，生物转化可强烈影响鱼类中的 BCF。基于风险商数（RQ）和 ToxPi 指数的风险优先排序，结果表明，抗生素特别是阿奇霉素和治疗性精神活性物质是萨瓦河中最危险的药物污染物。
