Kushwaha Shweta, Goel Anjana, Singh Ajay Vir
Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, ICMR-National JALMA Institute for Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases, Tajganj, Agra, 282004, Uttar Pradesh, India.
Department of Biotechnology, GLA University, Mathura, 281406, Uttar Pradesh, India.
Infect Disord Drug Targets. 2025;25(4):e18715265305638. doi: 10.2174/0118715265305638240930054842.
Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), specifically MicroRNAs or miRNAs, are now understood to be essential regulators in the complex field of gene expression. By selectively binding to certain mRNA targets, these tiny RNA molecules control the expression of genes, leading to mRNA degradation or translational repression. The discovery of miRNAs has significantly advanced biomedical research, particularly in elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying various diseases and exploring innovative therapeutic approaches. Recent progress in miRNA research has provided insights into their biogenesis, functional roles, and potential clinical applications. Despite the absence of established methodologies for clinical implementation, miRNAs show great promise as diagnostic and therapeutic agents for a wide array of diseases. Their distinctive attributes, such as high specificity, sensitivity, and accessibility, position them as ideal candidates for biomarker development and targeted therapy. Achieving a comprehensive understanding of miRNA biology and functionality is crucial to fully harnessing their potential in medicine. Ongoing research efforts aim to unravel the intricate mechanisms of miRNA-mediated gene regulation and to develop novel approaches for utilizing miRNAs in disease diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of current knowledge on miRNAs, focusing on their biogenesis, regulatory mechanisms, and potential clinical applications. By synthesizing existing evidence and highlighting key research findings, this review aims to inspire further exploration into the diverse roles of miRNAs in health and disease. Ultimately, this endeavour could result in the development of innovative miRNA-based diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.
非编码RNA（ncRNAs），特别是微小RNA或miRNAs，如今被认为是基因表达复杂领域中的重要调节因子。通过选择性地与某些mRNA靶标结合，这些微小的RNA分子控制基因的表达，导致mRNA降解或翻译抑制。miRNAs的发现显著推动了生物医学研究，特别是在阐明各种疾病的分子机制和探索创新治疗方法方面。miRNA研究的最新进展为其生物发生、功能作用及潜在临床应用提供了见解。尽管缺乏临床应用的既定方法，但miRNAs作为多种疾病的诊断和治疗剂显示出巨大潜力。它们独特的属性，如高特异性、敏感性和可及性，使其成为生物标志物开发和靶向治疗的理想候选者。全面了解miRNA生物学和功能对于充分发挥其在医学中的潜力至关重要。正在进行的研究工作旨在揭示miRNA介导的基因调控的复杂机制，并开发利用miRNAs进行疾病诊断、预后和治疗的新方法。本综述对miRNAs的现有知识进行了全面分析，重点关注其生物发生、调控机制和潜在临床应用。通过综合现有证据并突出关键研究发现，本综述旨在激发对miRNAs在健康和疾病中不同作用的进一步探索。最终，这一努力可能会带来基于miRNA的创新诊断和治疗策略的发展。
