Actions of hip muscles.

This article describes and explains the moment arm vector (MAV) concept, uses the concept for the quantitative classification of hip muscles according to action, and applies the findings to selected clinical problems. A three-dimensional, straight-line model of hip musculature was used. Measurements made on a matched, dry bone specimen provided muscle attachment point location data for the model. Straight lines of muscle action between attachment sites were simulated for a variety of hip configurations during simple hip motions in three principal anatomical planes. We used the MAV concept to identify the three contributions of a muscle (flexion-extension, abduction-adduction, and internal-external rotation) tending to rotate the thigh segment relative to the pelvis. Muscles were classified according to their action or turning effect at 0, 40, and 90 degrees of hip flexion. Certain muscles exhibited significant changes in their action during these simple motions. Model results were verified using an articulated, dry bone specimen with elastic strings stretched between muscle attachment sites. Based on this geometrical model, a "pathological posture" of hip flexion, adduction, and internal rotation was identified, which is a posture prevalent in spastic, brain damaged patients.