Wang Haoyu, Song Changqing, Gao Peichao
State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
Center for Geographic Analysis, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
PNAS Nexus. 2024 Sep 19;3(10):pgae417. doi: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgae417. eCollection 2024 Oct.
Complexity and entropy play crucial roles in understanding dynamic systems across various disciplines. Many intuitively perceive them as distinct measures and assume that they have a concave-down relationship. In everyday life, there is a common consensus that while entropy never decreases, complexity does decrease after an initial increase during the process of blending coffee and milk. However, this consensus is primarily conceptual and lacks empirical evidence. Here, we provide comprehensive evidence that challenges this prevailing consensus. We demonstrate that this consensus is, in fact, an illusion resulting from the choice of system characterization (dimension) and the unit of observation (resolution). By employing a complexity measure designed for natural patterns, we find that the complexity of a coffee-milk system never decreases if the system is appropriately characterized in terms of dimension and resolution. Also, this complexity aligns experimentally and theoretically with entropy, suggesting that it does not represent a measure of so-called effective complexity. These findings rectify the prevailing conceptual consensus and reshape our understanding of the relationship between complexity and entropy. It is therefore crucial to exercise caution and pay close attention to accurately and precisely characterize dynamic systems before delving into their underlying mechanisms, despite the maturity of characterization research in various fields dealing with natural patterns such as geography and ecology. The characterization/observation (dimension and resolution) of a system fundamentally determines the assessment of complexity and entropy using existing measures and our understanding.
复杂性和熵在理解各学科中的动态系统方面发挥着关键作用。许多人直观地将它们视为不同的度量,并认为它们呈向下凹的关系。在日常生活中,人们普遍认为,虽然熵永不减少,但在混合咖啡和牛奶的过程中,复杂性在最初增加之后确实会降低。然而,这种共识主要是概念性的,缺乏实证依据。在此,我们提供了全面的证据来挑战这一普遍共识。我们证明,这种共识实际上是由于系统表征(维度)和观察单位(分辨率)的选择而产生的一种错觉。通过采用一种为自然模式设计的复杂性度量,我们发现,如果从维度和分辨率方面对咖啡 - 牛奶系统进行适当表征,该系统的复杂性永远不会降低。此外,这种复杂性在实验和理论上与熵相一致,这表明它并不代表所谓的有效复杂性的度量。这些发现纠正了普遍的概念共识,并重塑了我们对复杂性与熵之间关系的理解。因此,尽管在处理地理和生态等自然模式的各个领域中表征研究已经成熟,但在深入研究动态系统的潜在机制之前,谨慎行事并密切关注准确精确地表征动态系统至关重要。系统的表征/观察(维度和分辨率)从根本上决定了使用现有度量对复杂性和熵的评估以及我们的理解。