Johnston G R, Osborne C A, Jessen C R, Feeney D A
Am J Vet Res. 1986 Feb;47(2):404-15.
Evaluation of the anatomic location of the distended and empty urinary bladders and urethras of healthy adult male and female dogs and cats by retrograde urethrocystography revealed substantial variations. In 15 dogs in lateral recumbency with empty bladder lumens, the caudal portion of the urinary bladder was within the pelvic canal in 5 of 7 male and 5 of 8 female dogs. In female dogs examined in ventrodorsal recumbency, only 4 of 8 had the empty urinary bladders in part within the pelvic canal. After luminal distention, 3 of 7 male and 3 of 8 female dogs, while in lateral recumbency, had the urinary bladders in part intrapelvically. However, when female dogs were placed in ventrodorsal recumbency, only 1 of 7 urinary bladders was in part within the pelvis. The urinary bladders of 14 cats were consistently within the abdominal cavity, irrespective of whether the bladder lumen was distended or empty. Urethral flexures occurred in dogs with intrapelvic bladders that were distended or empty. Urethral flexures were not found in cats. The urethras of dogs and cats in lateral recumbency were generally closer to the floor of the pelvis after urinary bladder distention than when the bladder was empty. The urethra of the dogs and cats in ventrodorsal recumbency was to the left or right of or on the midsagittal plane, whether the urinary bladder was empty or distended. A greater degree of lateral displacement was encountered in ventrodorsal recumbency after urinary bladder distention.
通过逆行尿道膀胱造影术对健康成年雄性和雌性犬猫扩张和排空的膀胱及尿道的解剖位置进行评估，结果显示存在显著差异。在15只侧卧且膀胱腔排空的犬中，7只雄性犬中有5只以及8只雌性犬中有5只的膀胱尾部位于盆腔管内。在腹背位检查的雌性犬中，8只中只有4只的排空膀胱部分位于盆腔管内。在膀胱腔扩张后，7只雄性犬中有3只以及8只雌性犬中有3只侧卧时膀胱部分位于盆腔内。然而，当雌性犬处于腹背位时，7只膀胱中只有1只部分位于盆腔内。14只猫的膀胱始终位于腹腔内，无论膀胱腔是扩张还是排空。盆腔内扩张或排空的膀胱的犬出现尿道弯曲。猫未发现尿道弯曲。侧卧的犬猫在膀胱扩张后尿道通常比膀胱排空时更靠近盆腔底部。腹背位的犬猫尿道无论膀胱是空的还是扩张的，都位于矢状面的左侧或右侧或矢状面上。膀胱扩张后腹背位时尿道的侧向移位程度更大。
