Royano Silvia, Navarro Irene, Torre Adrián de la, Martínez María Ángeles
Unit of Persistent Organic Pollutants and Emerging Pollutants in Environment, Department of Environment, CIEMAT, Avda. Complutense 40, 28040, Madrid, Spain; International Doctoral School of the UNED (EIDUNED), National University of Distance Education (UNED), Madrid, Spain.
Unit of Persistent Organic Pollutants and Emerging Pollutants in Environment, Department of Environment, CIEMAT, Avda. Complutense 40, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
Chemosphere. 2024 Nov;368:143759. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.143759. Epub 2024 Nov 22.
The increasing consumption of medicines and the lack of efficient technologies in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) can release pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) into any given river with the subsequent risk to the environment and human health. To assess the occurrence and transfer pathways of PhACs through the river ecosystem, 22 PhACs and one metabolite were analyzed in WWTPs, river sediments and fish collected alongside the Tagus River basin between 2020 and 2022. All the matrices presented at least two drugs being azithromycin the only one quantified in all of them. Analgesics, anti-inflammatories, antihypertensives, antidepressants and beta-blockers were the main PhACs in influents, with median concentrations up to 19 μg/L. In effluents, antihypertensives and antidepressants were the PhACs with the highest contribution. For acetaminophen, ibuprofen, ketoprofen, naproxen, atorvastatin, azithromycin, clarithromycin, sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim, and valsartan WWTPs treatments reached removal efficiencies above 75%. Compounds with a high tendency to bind to organic matter were retained in sludge (clotrimazole, 96 ng/g before digester, 100%). However, results showed that applied treatments were not effective in removing PhACs from this matrix. Although the total mass balance revealed a high removal rate of some PhACs, many of them were still present in the effluent and their release into rivers became the main source of PhAC pollution of the aquatic ecosystem. The most hydrophobic ones (irbesartan, 24 ng/g, 61%), positively charged (o-desmethylvenlafaxine, 95 ng/g, 68%) and those with affinity to organic matter (clotrimazole, 21 ng/g, 61%) reached sediment samples. Only clotrimazole (7.8 ng/g) and azithromycin (160 ng/g) were found in fish samples. Risk assessment revealed a high risk for (i) acetaminophen, clarithromycin, erythromycin A, and venlafaxine in phototrophic organisms and (ii) acetaminophen and venlafaxine in fish.
药品消费量的不断增加以及污水处理厂缺乏高效技术，可能会使药物活性化合物（PhACs）排放到任何一条特定河流中，进而对环境和人类健康构成风险。为了评估PhACs在河流生态系统中的存在情况和转移途径，2020年至2022年期间，对塔霍河流域沿线的污水处理厂、河流沉积物和鱼类中的22种PhACs和1种代谢物进行了分析。所有基质中至少检测到两种药物，阿奇霉素是所有基质中唯一都被定量检测到的药物。镇痛药、抗炎药、抗高血压药、抗抑郁药和β受体阻滞剂是进水的主要PhACs，中位浓度高达19μg/L。在出水中，抗高血压药和抗抑郁药是贡献最大的PhACs。对于对乙酰氨基酚、布洛芬、酮洛芬、萘普生、阿托伐他汀、阿奇霉素、克拉霉素、磺胺甲恶唑、甲氧苄啶和缬沙坦，污水处理厂的处理去除效率达到75%以上。具有高有机物质结合倾向的化合物保留在污泥中（克霉唑，消化器前96ng/g，100%）。然而，结果表明，所采用的处理方法对从该基质中去除PhACs无效。尽管总质量平衡显示某些PhACs的去除率很高，但其中许多仍存在于出水中，它们排放到河流中成为水生生态系统PhAC污染的主要来源。疏水性最强的物质（厄贝沙坦，24ng/g，61%）、带正电荷的物质（O-去甲基文拉法辛，95ng/g，68%）以及与有机物质有亲和力的物质（克霉唑，21ng/g，61%）进入了沉积物样本。鱼类样本中仅发现了克霉唑（7.8ng/g）和阿奇霉素（160ng/g）。风险评估显示，（i）对乙酰氨基酚、克拉霉素、红霉素A和文拉法辛对光合生物构成高风险，（ii）对乙酰氨基酚和文拉法辛对鱼类构成高风险。
