Department of Stomatology, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
Institute of Stomatological Research, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2024 Nov 1;14:1494651. doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1494651. eCollection 2024.
Enzymes play a significant role in mediating inflammatory and immune responses in periodontitis. Effective diagnosis, timely treatment, and continuous management of periodontal enzymes are essential to prevent undesirable consequences; however, this remains a significant challenge. Nanoparticles (NPs) have attracted significant attention in biomedicine because of their advantageous nanosized effects. NPs are conjugated with specific enzyme substrates at responsive sites that are triggered by periodontitis enzyme biomarkers, leading to functional or characteristic changes. In contrast, NPs with enzyme-mimetic activities exhibit catalytic activity, effectively destroying pathogenic biofilms and modulating the immune response in periodontitis. The unique properties of enzyme-targeting NPs have enabled the development of biosensors and fluorescent probes capable of identifying enzyme biomarkers associated with periodontitis. Enzyme-responsive and enzyme-mimetic NPs both exert therapeutic applications in the treatment of periodontitis. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the enzymes associated with periodontitis, the mechanisms of enzyme-responsive and enzyme-mimetic NPs, recent advancements in the use of NPs for detecting these enzymes, and the therapeutic applications of NPs in targeting or mimicking enzyme functions. We also discuss the challenges and prospects of using NPs in the diagnosis and treatment of periodontitis.
酶在介导牙周炎的炎症和免疫反应中起着重要作用。有效诊断、及时治疗和持续管理牙周酶对于预防不良后果至关重要；然而，这仍然是一个重大挑战。由于其有利的纳米尺寸效应，纳米粒子（NPs）在生物医学中引起了极大的关注。NPs 与在响应部位与牙周炎酶生物标志物触发的特定酶底物结合，导致功能或特征变化。相比之下，具有酶模拟活性的 NPs 表现出催化活性，可有效破坏致病生物膜并调节牙周炎中的免疫反应。酶靶向 NPs 的独特性质使能够开发能够识别与牙周炎相关的酶生物标志物的生物传感器和荧光探针。酶响应和酶模拟 NPs 都在治疗牙周炎方面发挥了治疗应用。在这篇综述中，我们全面概述了与牙周炎相关的酶、酶响应和酶模拟 NPs 的机制、最近在使用 NPs 检测这些酶方面的进展，以及 NPs 在靶向或模拟酶功能方面的治疗应用。我们还讨论了使用 NPs 进行牙周炎诊断和治疗的挑战和前景。
