Physical constraints on the positions and dimensions of the zebrafish swim bladder by surrounding bones.

Precise regulation of organ size and position is crucial for optimal organ function. Since the swim bladder is primarily responsible for buoyancy in teleosts, early development and subsequent inflation of the swim bladder should be appropriately controlled with the body growth. However, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. In this study, we show that the size and position of the swim bladder are physically constrained by the surrounding bones in zebrafish. Non-invasive micro-CT scanning revealed that the anterior edge of the swim bladder is largely attached to the os suspensorium, which is an ossicle extending medioventrally from the 4th centrum. Additionally, we observed that hoxc6a mutants, which lack the os suspensorium, exhibited an anterior projection of the swim bladder beyond the 4th vertebra. During the swim bladder development, we found that the counterclockwise rotation of the os suspensorium correlates with posterior regression of the swim bladder, suggesting that the os suspensorium pushes the swim bladder posteriorly into its proper position. Furthermore, our results revealed a close association between the posterior region of the swim bladder and the pleural ribs. In hoxaa cluster mutants with additional ribs, the swim bladder expanded posteriorly, accompanied by an enlarged body cavity. Taken together, our results demonstrate the importance of the surrounding bones in the robust regulation of swim bladder size and position in zebrafish.